No abstract available.
Malocclusion*

Anestheiologists face the difficulty of mainatining patent airway in performing anesthesia for surgery around vocal cords. Because the simplicity of the above operation, the surgeons and patients tend to avoid the preparatory tracheostomy which is a safe way of maintaining anesthesia. The difficulties and problems occurring during anesthesia without performing tracheotomy were considered. The problems were; 1) Operating field interfering the anesthetic procedures. 2) Possibility of aspiration of blood during operation. 3) Apnea time of surgery limiting to 5 minutes or less. 4) Repeated intubation for anesthesic procedure. Apneic insufflation method was modified by spontaneous respiration. The tehnic was; the endotrachel tube was removed after induction of general anesthesia when patients spontaneous respiration regained Then suction catheter, 12 fr. size, was inserted to above the carina of trachea. Next, for ventilation, oxygen with high flow rate (9~10 L/Min) was insufflated in trachea through the catheter. This insufflation of high flow oxygen brought continuous positive pressure in trachea, also it acted effectively as PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) effect .and provided protective mechanism from the aspiration. The addition of potent anesthetics such as halothane and ether insufflating oxygen allowed the control of depth of anestheia effectively. With this insufflation technic, two cases of excision of singers nodule were performed uneventfully.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Apnea ; Catheters ; Ether ; Halothane ; Humans ; Insufflation ; Intubation ; Oxygen ; Respiration ; Singing ; Suction ; Trachea ; Tracheostomy ; Tracheotomy ; Ventilation ; Vocal Cords*

Antibody to hepatitis A antigen was detected, by radiommuncassay, in sera froom 455 hospitalized children and adolescents without a liver disease or a clinically recognizable hepatitis history. The positive rate of antibody was over 90% in newborn infants and then progressively decreased and reached its lowest level, 9.1%, at age 7-12 months. The high positive rate in newborn infants is suggested to be a result of transplacental passive immunity, which seems to nearly disappear by the age of 7 months. The positive rate gradually increased throughout childhood: 3% at age 4-6 years, 51.1% at 7-9 years, 83.0% at age 13-15 years and 93.1% at age 16-19 years. This finding indicate that hepatitis A had developed in about one half of children until the age of 10 years and in nearly all until the age of 19 years. The prevalence of antibody was independent of sex, socioeconomic status and resident area and did not correlate significantly with serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus infection.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Child, Hospitalized ; Hepatitis A* ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea* ; Liver Diseases ; Prevalence ; Social Class

No abstract available.
Holoprosencephaly*

The endolymphatic secretory epithelium are stria vascularis in cochlear and dark cell in vestibule which are regulated by Na+-K+ ATPase. It is important that we study intracytoplasmic Na+-K+ ATPase for the physiologic research of inner ear. Recently cerium-based method for stain of Na+-K+ ATPase was developed. This study was underkaken to investigate the morphologic changes and Na+-K+ ATPase activity in stria vascularis and vestibular dark cell of mongolian gerbil after systemic intramuscular injection(200mg/kg or 300mg/kg) for 7days or local infiltration of streptomycin through round window. The results are as follows. 1) The strong Na+-K+ ATPase activity was seen at basolateral infoldings of marginal cell in stria vascularis but weak Na+-K+ ATPase activity in dark cell near transitional area. 2) There was no change of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in the stria vascularis and dark cell by systemic injection of streptomycin. The decrease of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in stria vascularis was seen at destruction site of infoldings by local infiltration of streptomycin but no changes in dark cell. 3) The ultrastructural changes of marginal cell by local infiltration of streptomycin were intracytoplasmic vacuole, partial loss of cytoplasmic infoldings, edema, and increase of melanin particle. but, there was no change of ultrastructure in dark cell except increase of melanin particle. The changes of ultrastructure of stria vascularis was variable by systemic streptomycin injection and there was no dark cell change except increased melanin particle. From the above results, the changes of ultrastructure and Na+-K+ ATPase were more severe by local infiltration of streptomycin through round window than systemic injection of streptomycin. The local infiltration of streptomycin through round window may be suitable method for the induction of inner ear damage.
Adenosine Triphosphatases* ; Cytoplasm ; Ear, Inner ; Edema ; Epithelium* ; Gerbillinae ; Melanins ; Streptomycin* ; Stria Vascularis ; Vacuoles

An ex vivo assay determining the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity in perfused rat liver has been developed by assessing the rate of thiobenzamide S-oxide (TBSO) formation from the infused thiobenzamide (TB). The hepatotoxicity by TB or TBSO was not a critical factor for maintaining the FMO activity for up to 50 min. The FMO activity expressed in nmoles TBSO produced/g liver/min was the same for the recycling and non-recycling perfusion. This implies that reduction of the oxidized TBSO back to the parent compound (TB) is negligible. Hydrolysis of the collected perfusates with either beta-glucuronidase or arylsulfatase did not increase the TBSO level and thus, TBSO does not appear to undergo conjugation either to glucuronide or sulfate esters. Thus, measuring the rate of TB S-oxidation in the isolated perfused liver with 1 mM TB for 50 min provides a useful tool for evaluation of the hepatic FMO activity in the absence of hepatic necrosis and without the interferences caused by further conjugation or back reduction of the TBSO to the parent TB.
Animals ; Esters ; Glucuronidase ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Liver* ; Necrosis ; Parents ; Perfusion ; Rats* ; Recycling

The objective of this study was conducted to investigate growth and development status of infants fed soy-based formulas over 3 months. The height and weight were measured and Z-scores were calculated by using standard of the same age groups. Their mothers were interviewed using questionnaires including general and environmental characteristics, total food intakes, soy based formula intakes and Ewha infant development screening test. Main results were as follows: 1) Nutrient intake levels of subjects were similar to or more than the level of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances except for intakes of vitamin E (79.89% RDA), and the average status of nutrient intakes of infants were fairly good. 2) Z-scores of height for age (HAZ) and Z-scores of weight for age (WAZ), Kaup index, WLI and Ewha Infant Developmental Screening Test score of subjects were in the normal growth range. 3) There were no significant differences among soy based formula intake percentile groups in HAZ, WAZ, Kaup index, WLI and Ewha Infant Developmental Screening Test score. 4) Total energy intake was positively correlated with HAZ (p < 0.01), WAZ (p < 0.01), and WLI (p < 0.05) in infants less than 12 month. Also, soy based formula energy intake was positively correlated with HAZ (p < 0.05) in infants less than 12 month. However, energy and soy based formula intake levels of infants over 12 month were not significant among variables. Considering results of this study, infants fed soy-based formulas over 3 months showed normal growth and development status. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term growth and development in infants fed soy based formulas.
Child ; Child Development ; Energy Intake ; Growth and Development* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Mass Screening ; Mothers ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

A 7-year and 5-month old boy with Hunter syndrome is presented. Progressive mental retardation with hearing loss, speech disturbance and growth retardation developed at 1 year of age. Physical findings included dull facial appearance, short stature, macrocephaly, short neck, non-tender scalp nodules, large tongue, thick lips with opened mouth, flat nasal bridge, hirsutism, hepatomegaly, umbilical hearnia, undescended testes, painful limitation of abduction at shoulders and of extension at elbows, and claw hands, but corneal clouding is absent. Characteristic radiologic findings are thickened calvarium, J-shaped sella turcica, poor pneumatization of mastoid, rather broad and short metacarpal bones with tapering in the proximal ends, retarded bone age, inferior beaking of T12 to L4 vertebral body and posterior displacement of L1 vertebral body. An oral glucose tolerance test is abnormal and family history shows the pattern of x-linked inheritance.
Animals ; Beak ; Cryptorchidism ; Elbow ; Genes, X-Linked ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Hand ; Hearing Loss ; Hepatomegaly ; Hirsutism ; Hoof and Claw ; Humans ; Infant ; Intellectual Disability ; Lip ; Macrocephaly ; Male ; Mastoid ; Metacarpal Bones ; Mouth ; Mucopolysaccharidosis II* ; Neck ; Scalp ; Sella Turcica ; Shoulder ; Skull ; Tongue

Laser surgery of allergic rhinitis has been reported to be successful by several authors, but there has been little study on factors that may help the physician select patients who are likely to respond to surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the factors that influence the surgical outcome of laser surgery for allergic rhinitis patients. We analyzed the data from questionnaire in 211 patients who were diagnosed as perennial allergic rhinitis and underwent CO2 laser surgery in our department from October 1993 to October 1995. All nasal symptoms including nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea and sneezing were significantly improved. Improvement rates do not differ according to the number of surgery, follow-up period, number of positive allergens and residency type. The results of this study suggest that laser surgery might improve nasal symptoms in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. There was no significant difference in improvement rate in terms of both number of surgery and follow-up period.
Allergens ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Gas ; Nasal Obstruction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rhinitis* ; Sneezing ; Turbinates*

PURPOSE: B1 field of birdcage RF (radiofrequency) coil that is used most for brain imaging in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) decreases toward endring from the coil center. We investigated how much RF B1 homogeneity effect the endcap shield brings form the coil center as it towards to endcap region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared RF B1 field distribution by each finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations for lowpass, highpass and hybrid birdcage RF coils. We selected the highpass birdcage RF coil that was the highest RF B1 field condition as simulation result, and studied how much RF B1 homogeneity effect was occurred when endcap shield was applied to endring area. RESULTS: B1 field of the highpass birdcage RF coil was higher than other birdcage RF coil types as simulation result. However, the RF B1 homogeneity was lower than other coil types. RF B1 field of highpass birdcage RF coil with endcap shield is similar with RF B1 field of hybrid birdcage RF coil and the overall RF B1 homogeneity in sagittal direction was better. CONCLUSION: In this paper, proposed method can apply improving RF B1 homogeneity of RF coil in clinical examination.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neuroimaging