No abstract available.
Brassica* ; Ear*

No abstract available.
Frontal Sinus*

No abstract available.
Replantation*

Click sound can evoke myogenic potentials in active sternocleidomastoid(SCM) muscle. These are due to activity of vestibular afferent rather than cochlear, which produce very short latency inhibition of ipsilateral motor unit activity. We investigated the click-evoked vestibulocollic reflexes in neck muscles to find out the significance and relationship of latency and amplitude of myogenic potentials between two different methods of muscles activation. EMGs were recorded from surface electrode evoked by sound stimuli(95dB SPL, 5/sec repetitive rate, 512 times) over SCM muscles on each side. Myogenic potentials have two biphasic responses which were termed P1, N1, P2, N2 based on the polarity of their components. The subjects were 24 normal volunteers. EMG recordings were obtained from 12 subjects(Group 1) who keeped head 10 cm above ground in supine position to activate their neck flexors to the degree required through the averaging runs(bilateral SCM muscles activation method). EMGs from another 12 subjects(Group 2) were recorded by rotating head to the opposite side to activate SCM muscle throughout the procedure(unilateral SCM muscle activation method). The latencies and amplitudes of myogenic potentials in the SCM muscle after stimulation were analysed and compared between the two methods. The latencies(msec) of P1 and N1 were 11.2+/-2.4, 21.7+/-1.1 respectively in Group 1 and 13.3+/-2.4, 23.0+/-1.1 respectively in Group 2. The amplitude(uV) of P1-N1 were 38.78.1 in Group 1 and 33.28.1 in Group 2. There were no significant differences in latencies and amplitudes of P1 and N1 between the groups(p<0.05). Unilateral muscle activation is easier and comfortable than the bilateral muscle activation and there were no significant difference in latency and amplitude of P1. The myogenic potential of unilateral vestibular function loss disappeared in a patient who was labyrinthectomized but there was normal response of potential in a patient who is profound sensory neural hearing loss. Click evoked myogenic potentials is a simple method of examining vestibulocollic reflex. Click evoked myogenic potential is related to vestibular status.
Electrodes ; Head ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Muscles ; Neck ; Neck Muscles ; Reflex* ; Supine Position

BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated that volatile anesthetics suppress the NO-cGMP system in the vascular system. It has been known that the hemodynamic changes produced by volatile anesthetics in septic patients are mediated by upregulation of iNOS leading to excessive release of NO. The mechanisms underlying suppression of the NO-cGMP system by anesthetics are still controversial. It has been elucidated that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays a major role in the regulatory function in the L-arginine-NO system. So we examined the effects of NOS inhibitor (L-NAME, aminoguanidine) and NO scavenger (hydroxocobalamin) on vascular smooth muscle contractile function in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat aorta during halothane administration. METHODS: Aortic ring preparations were obtained from LPS-treated (1.5 mg/kg, ip, for 18 h) rats. We evaluated the effects of hydroxocobalamin, L-NAME and aminoguanidine on contractile responses to phenylephrine during halothane (1 & 2 MAC) administration respectively. Statistical significances (P<0.05) were analyzed according to data characterictics by repeated measures ANOVA test and student's t-test. RESULTS: The contractile responses to phenylephrine in LPS-treated rats aorta were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the presence of hydroxocobalamin and L-NAME. During the halothane (1 and 2 MAC) administration, the contractile responses to phenylephrine in LPS-treated rats aorta were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the presence of hydroxocobalamin and L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it is suggested that hydroxocobalamin and L-NAME may be useful in the therapy of septic shock.
Anesthetics ; Animals ; Aorta ; Halothane* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hydroxocobalamin* ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Phenylephrine ; Rats* ; Shock, Septic ; Up-Regulation

PURPOSE: Recently, early gastric cancer has increased in Korea. Thus, endoscopic treatment and laparoscopic gastrectomy has increased in early gastric cancer patients. We studied periodic change and characteristics in gastric cancer patients. Thus, we analyzed annual change of clinicopathological characteristics and long-term survival results of gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy over 10 years. METHODS: From 1995 to 2004, 2,387 patients underwent radical gastrectomy due to gastric cancer. We analyzed annual characteristics, sex, age distribution, cancer location, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, UICC stage and 5-year survival rates, retrospectively from medical records. RESULTS: The number of gastric cancer patient has increased annually. The ratio of male to female was 2:1. Gastric cancer was most common and increased annually in the 60~79-year age group. Early gastric cancer increased annually. The 5-year survival rate was 93% in stage Ia, 89% in stage Ib, 72% in stage II, 51% in stage IIIA, 38% in stage IIIb and 22% in stage IV. Multivariate analysis revealed that UICC stage (or depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis) and cancer location were the main independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Prognosis is improved due to increase of early gastric cancer. So, we should attempt diagnosis early and treat early gastric cancer. Active treatment is recommended even for the elderly gastric cancer patients. And care should be taken with respect to morbidity and mortality.
Age Distribution ; Aged ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Characteristics ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survival Rate

In acute phase, cerebral infartion is usually hypodense on CT and hyperintense on T2-weighted MR image. This hyperintensity on T2-weighted MR image gradually approaches an isointensity stage after 2 or 3 weeks of onset. In the later stage, cerebral infarction is observed hyperintense on T2-weighted MR image. This sequential phenomenon is so-called "fogging effect". We experienced two cases of "fogging effect". The first case did not show abnormal signal intensity on TI or T2 weighted MR images taken after 14 days of onset and the second case also did not show abnormal signal intensity after 17 days of onset. Each case revealed hyperintense in T2-weighted image with contrast enhancement taken after 20 weeks and 8 weeks of onset, respectively. We present two cases with MRI and brief review of literatures.
Cerebral Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Weather*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) in the pre-operative staging of gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2006 and August 2008, PET-CT and CT were performed on 70 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer by gastrofiberscopic biopsy. The sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of PET-CT and CT imaging for the detection of gastric cancer TNM staging were compared. RESULTS: The detection rates for the primary tumor were as follows: PET-CT, 81.4% (57/70); and CT, 42.9% (30/70). For both early gastric cancer (EGC) and advanced gastric cancer (AGC), PET-CT was more accurate than CT in detecting the lesions. As the size of the tumor exceeded 3 cm, the detection rate increased. The sensitivities, specificities, PPV, and NPV of PET-CT for lymph node staging were 55.6%, 81%, 86.2%, and 45.9%, while the sensitivities, specificities, PPV, and NPV of CT were 40.0%, 85.7%, 85.7% and 40%, respectively. One case of multiple liver metastasis and two cases of dual primary cancer (rectal and pancreatic cancers) were detected by PET-CT. PET-CT also had a higher detection rate for all histologic types of primary tumors. PET-CT was more accurate than CT in detecting primary gastric cancer lesions. The detection of nodal metastasis by PET-CT was similar to CT; small-sized tumors or EGC detection rates were not high. However, PET-CT provided additional information to detect distant metastases and dual primary cancers and reduced unnecessary laparotomies to detect peritoneal seeding or carcinomatosis. CONCLUSION: It would be useful to make a pre-operative diagnosis of gastric cancer and determine treatment if PET-CT were added to other routine pre-operative studies.
Biopsy ; Electrons ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Liver ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Seeds ; Stomach Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Anesthesia and surgery may exacerbate liver function in patients with pre-existing liver disease so it is important to choose less hepatotoxic anesthetics in patients with chronic liver disease. METHODS: This study was designed to examine the postoperative liver function test in 150 patients after hepatectomy with portal triad clamping through retrospective chart review. Patients were divided into an isoflurane group (group I, n = 56) and a propofol group (group P, n = 57) by used anesthetics for maintaining anesthesia. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin time were checked at preoperation, and postoperatively at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days in the two groups. Indocyanine retention rate (ICG-R15) was measured at preoperation, and postoperatively at 1 and 7 days. RESULTS: AST values increased postoperatively at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days compared with preoperation. ALT values increased postoperatively at 1, 3 and 7 days compared with preoperation and there was difference between group I (443.8 +/- 52.1 U/L) and group P (202.7 +/- 24.7 U/L) at postoperative 1 day. Other values had no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Though it might need a well controlled study to find the differences in effect between isoflurane and propofol on the postoperative liver function test, we concluded that total intravenous anesthesia using propofol is also one of the safest anesthetic methods for hepatic resection with minimal hepatotoxicity.
Alanine Transaminase ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Anesthetics ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Bilirubin ; Constriction* ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Isoflurane* ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Function Tests* ; Liver* ; Propofol* ; Prothrombin Time ; Retrospective Studies

Laser surgery of allergic rhinitis has been reported to be successful by several authors, but there has been little study on factors that may help the physician select patients who are likely to respond to surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the factors that influence the surgical outcome of laser surgery for allergic rhinitis patients. We analyzed the data from questionnaire in 211 patients who were diagnosed as perennial allergic rhinitis and underwent CO2 laser surgery in our department from October 1993 to October 1995. All nasal symptoms including nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea and sneezing were significantly improved. Improvement rates do not differ according to the number of surgery, follow-up period, number of positive allergens and residency type. The results of this study suggest that laser surgery might improve nasal symptoms in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. There was no significant difference in improvement rate in terms of both number of surgery and follow-up period.
Allergens ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Gas ; Nasal Obstruction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rhinitis* ; Sneezing ; Turbinates*