The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are critical pathways for blood vessels and nerves leading to the orbit, nasal cavity, and oral cavity. Anatomical observation of these areas is challenging for learners due to their complex connections with surrounding structures and their deep location within the body. Since it is not easy to understand this area in three dimensions with only textbook images, there is a need to produce three-dimensional (3D) content. Most existing 3D data have reconstructed the digital imaging and communication in medicine files from computed tomography images with high accuracy; however, the surrounding structures often obstruct the view. For this reason, this project utilized Cinema4D (R18) software to refine the modeled bones and to create 3D models of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that accurately represent their anatomical shapes and pathways. To facilitate easier access for learners via PC, the content was converted into PDF format. This enables the educational materials to be more easily viewed and the main structures more clearly observed using a computer-based viewer.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of postoperative prolonged air leak (PAL) on pulmonary function. Methods: We enrolled 1,316 patients with pathologic stage I–III lung cancer who underwent lobectomy. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: those who experienced PAL (n=55) and those who did not (n=1,261). Propensity score matching was conducted at a 1:4 ratio, resulting in 49 patients in the PAL group and 189 in the non-PAL group. Changes in pulmonary function were compared among preoperative, 6-month postoperative, and 12-month postoperative measurements between the 2 groups. Results: The variables used for propensity score matching included age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, baseline pulmonary function, pathologic stage, and surgical approach. All standardized mean differences were less than 0.1. Six months postoperatively, the PAL group showed a greater reduction in both forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1 ) (-13.0% vs. -10.0%, p=0.041) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (-15.0% vs. -9.0%, p<0.001)than the non-PAL group. In cases of upper lobectomy, there were no significant differencesin FEV 1 changes between the PAL and non-PAL groups at both 6 and 12 months. However, in lower lobectomy, the PAL group demonstrated a more pronounced decrease in FEV1(-14.0% vs. -11.0%, p=0.057) and FVC (-20.0% vs. -13.0%, p=0.006) than the non-PAL group at 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion Postoperative PAL delayed the recovery of pulmonary function after lobectomy. These effects were markedly more pronounced after lower lobectomy than after upper lobectomy.

The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are critical pathways for blood vessels and nerves leading to the orbit, nasal cavity, and oral cavity. Anatomical observation of these areas is challenging for learners due to their complex connections with surrounding structures and their deep location within the body. Since it is not easy to understand this area in three dimensions with only textbook images, there is a need to produce three-dimensional (3D) content. Most existing 3D data have reconstructed the digital imaging and communication in medicine files from computed tomography images with high accuracy; however, the surrounding structures often obstruct the view. For this reason, this project utilized Cinema4D (R18) software to refine the modeled bones and to create 3D models of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that accurately represent their anatomical shapes and pathways. To facilitate easier access for learners via PC, the content was converted into PDF format. This enables the educational materials to be more easily viewed and the main structures more clearly observed using a computer-based viewer.

The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are critical pathways for blood vessels and nerves leading to the orbit, nasal cavity, and oral cavity. Anatomical observation of these areas is challenging for learners due to their complex connections with surrounding structures and their deep location within the body. Since it is not easy to understand this area in three dimensions with only textbook images, there is a need to produce three-dimensional (3D) content. Most existing 3D data have reconstructed the digital imaging and communication in medicine files from computed tomography images with high accuracy; however, the surrounding structures often obstruct the view. For this reason, this project utilized Cinema4D (R18) software to refine the modeled bones and to create 3D models of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that accurately represent their anatomical shapes and pathways. To facilitate easier access for learners via PC, the content was converted into PDF format. This enables the educational materials to be more easily viewed and the main structures more clearly observed using a computer-based viewer.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of postoperative prolonged air leak (PAL) on pulmonary function. Methods: We enrolled 1,316 patients with pathologic stage I–III lung cancer who underwent lobectomy. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: those who experienced PAL (n=55) and those who did not (n=1,261). Propensity score matching was conducted at a 1:4 ratio, resulting in 49 patients in the PAL group and 189 in the non-PAL group. Changes in pulmonary function were compared among preoperative, 6-month postoperative, and 12-month postoperative measurements between the 2 groups. Results: The variables used for propensity score matching included age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, baseline pulmonary function, pathologic stage, and surgical approach. All standardized mean differences were less than 0.1. Six months postoperatively, the PAL group showed a greater reduction in both forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1 ) (-13.0% vs. -10.0%, p=0.041) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (-15.0% vs. -9.0%, p<0.001)than the non-PAL group. In cases of upper lobectomy, there were no significant differencesin FEV 1 changes between the PAL and non-PAL groups at both 6 and 12 months. However, in lower lobectomy, the PAL group demonstrated a more pronounced decrease in FEV1(-14.0% vs. -11.0%, p=0.057) and FVC (-20.0% vs. -13.0%, p=0.006) than the non-PAL group at 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion Postoperative PAL delayed the recovery of pulmonary function after lobectomy. These effects were markedly more pronounced after lower lobectomy than after upper lobectomy.

The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are critical pathways for blood vessels and nerves leading to the orbit, nasal cavity, and oral cavity. Anatomical observation of these areas is challenging for learners due to their complex connections with surrounding structures and their deep location within the body. Since it is not easy to understand this area in three dimensions with only textbook images, there is a need to produce three-dimensional (3D) content. Most existing 3D data have reconstructed the digital imaging and communication in medicine files from computed tomography images with high accuracy; however, the surrounding structures often obstruct the view. For this reason, this project utilized Cinema4D (R18) software to refine the modeled bones and to create 3D models of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that accurately represent their anatomical shapes and pathways. To facilitate easier access for learners via PC, the content was converted into PDF format. This enables the educational materials to be more easily viewed and the main structures more clearly observed using a computer-based viewer.

The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are critical pathways for blood vessels and nerves leading to the orbit, nasal cavity, and oral cavity. Anatomical observation of these areas is challenging for learners due to their complex connections with surrounding structures and their deep location within the body. Since it is not easy to understand this area in three dimensions with only textbook images, there is a need to produce three-dimensional (3D) content. Most existing 3D data have reconstructed the digital imaging and communication in medicine files from computed tomography images with high accuracy; however, the surrounding structures often obstruct the view. For this reason, this project utilized Cinema4D (R18) software to refine the modeled bones and to create 3D models of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that accurately represent their anatomical shapes and pathways. To facilitate easier access for learners via PC, the content was converted into PDF format. This enables the educational materials to be more easily viewed and the main structures more clearly observed using a computer-based viewer.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of postoperative prolonged air leak (PAL) on pulmonary function. Methods: We enrolled 1,316 patients with pathologic stage I–III lung cancer who underwent lobectomy. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: those who experienced PAL (n=55) and those who did not (n=1,261). Propensity score matching was conducted at a 1:4 ratio, resulting in 49 patients in the PAL group and 189 in the non-PAL group. Changes in pulmonary function were compared among preoperative, 6-month postoperative, and 12-month postoperative measurements between the 2 groups. Results: The variables used for propensity score matching included age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, baseline pulmonary function, pathologic stage, and surgical approach. All standardized mean differences were less than 0.1. Six months postoperatively, the PAL group showed a greater reduction in both forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1 ) (-13.0% vs. -10.0%, p=0.041) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (-15.0% vs. -9.0%, p<0.001)than the non-PAL group. In cases of upper lobectomy, there were no significant differencesin FEV 1 changes between the PAL and non-PAL groups at both 6 and 12 months. However, in lower lobectomy, the PAL group demonstrated a more pronounced decrease in FEV1(-14.0% vs. -11.0%, p=0.057) and FVC (-20.0% vs. -13.0%, p=0.006) than the non-PAL group at 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion Postoperative PAL delayed the recovery of pulmonary function after lobectomy. These effects were markedly more pronounced after lower lobectomy than after upper lobectomy.

Background: Numerous studies have investigated methods of predicting postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in lung cancer surgery, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 ) being recognized as risk factors. However, predicting complications in COPD patients with preserved FEV 1 poses challenges. This study considered various diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO ) parameters as predictors of pulmonary complication risks in mild COPD patients undergoing lung resection. Methods: From January 2011 to December 2019, 2,798 patients undergoing segmentectomy or lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were evaluated. Focusing on 709 mild COPD patients, excluding no COPD and moderate/severe cases, 3 models incorporating DLCO , predicted postoperative DLCO (ppoDLCO ), and DLCO divided by the alveolar volume (DLCO /VA) were created for logistic regression. The Akaike information criterion and Bayes information criterion were analyzed to assess model fit, with lower values considered more consistent with actual data. Results: Significantly higher proportions of men, current smokers, and patients who underwent an open approach were observed in the PPC group. In multivariable regression, male sex, an open approach, DLCO <80%, ppoDLCO <60%, and DLCO /VA <80% significantly influenced PPC occurrence. The model using DLCO /VA had the best fit. Conclusion Different DLCO parameters can predict PPCs in mild COPD patients after lung resection for NSCLC. The assessment of these factors using a multivariable logistic regression model suggested DLCO /VA as the most valuable predictor.

Hyperamylasemia and hyperlipidemia occur when the amounts of amylase and lipase that enter the blood overweigh the kidney and liver reticuloendothelial system clearance of the enzymes. In normal homeostasis, most of these enzymes are excreted from the apical membrane of the acinar cells into the ductal system of the gland. However, in pathological conditions, this apical exocytosis is blocked, and the leakage of these enzymes at the basolateral membrane is increased. Therefore, these enzymes are released into the bloodstream. Many different pancreatic pathologies and Gullo syndrome can cause this type of leakage in the pancreas. This mechanism can also cause basolateral leakage in other organs that secrete amylase and lipase. In small bowel inflammatory conditions, amylase and lipase are absorbed through the inflamed mucosa and introduced into the bloodstream due to increased vascular permeability. Regardless of the enzymes that enter the blood circulation, several kidney and liver diseases prevent the excretion and metabolism of serum amylase and lipase. When the amylase and lipase are combined with immunoglobulins, they escape normal glomerular filtration due to the development of macroenzymes and accumulate in the blood. These situations related to the clearance of the enzymes are also crucial mechanisms of serum enzyme elevation that should not be overlooked.