PURPOSE: This study attempted to grasp the significance of high school boys smoking experiences, and to define its structure, then utilizing the results to create effective nursing intervention in order to protect students from smoking habit. METHOD: This study is based on a phenomenological approach. A group of eight male high school students who had experience in smoking were selected as the subject of this study. Intimate interview with participatory observation were carried out from them and the resulted data were analyzed by Giorgi's method as below. Result: The male high school students' smoking experiences were found to be a direct result from the environments around them and misty curiosity, masculinity, maintenance of close relations with peers, habitualness, stress relief, and concealment from the family. CONCLUSION: The result indicates that the male high school students' smoking, especially in an aspect from its starting point, motivational perspective, attitudes, and recent increasing rate of the juvenile smoking should be recognized as one of the problems that should be resolved. Concurrently, programs for preventing and quitting smoking should be started from the early stage of childhood as possible.
Adolescent ; Exploratory Behavior ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the level of Internet addiction among adolescents, and to examine factors affecting Internet addiction in adolescents. METHOD: The participants in were 475 high school students. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis to examine the factors affecting Internet addiction in adolescents. RESULT: The overall Internet addiction scale score was 63.83(+/-20.48). The differences of Internet addiction according to student characteristics were found to be significant for sex and grade. The level of Internet addiction was positively related to the level of impulsiveness and depression. The level of Internet addiction was negatively related to the level of social support. Factors such as impulsiveness and social support were examined as significant factors predicting Internet addiction in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Based upon these findings, factors affecting Internet addiction in adolescents include impulsiveness and social support. The findings provide further justification for interventions targeting key factors that influence Internet addiction in adolescents in addition to providing adolescents with necessary communication, negotiation and other life skills.
Adolescent* ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet* ; Negotiating ; Psychology* ; Child Health

This study is attempted to define risk factor of youth runaway impulse and to structure forecast model through an extensive analysis of the factors influencing the runaway impulse of youth. The subjects were 610 high school students in Seoul and Kyunggido. The collected data was analysed by SAS. The differences between the runaway impulse group and the non-runaway impulse group were subject to chi-square and t-test. Also logistic regression analysis was conducted on the basis of purposeful selection method for constructing the forecast model. The findings are as follows : the major predicting factors of youth runaway impulse are sex(odds ratio=1.886, p=.009), existence of friends of the opposit sex(odds ratio=2.011, p=.007), anti-social personality(odds ratio= 4.953, p=.000), depressive trend(odds ratio= 2.695, p=.000), family structure(odds ratio= 5.381, p=.000), marital relationship(odds ratio =1.893, p=.009) and also between parents and youth(odds ratio=3.877, p=.000), emotional abuse(odds ratio=1.963, p=.003), authoritative controlled rearing(odds ratio=2.135, p=.005) and stress from school(odds ratio=1.924, p=.008). Therefore, the forecast model will be contribute to the nursing intervention for prevention of runaway youth.
Adolescent* ; Child ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Homeless Youth* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nursing ; Parents ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Child Health

This study is attempted to define risk factor of youth runaway impulse and to structure forecast model through an extensive analysis of the factors influencing the runaway impulse of youth. The subjects were 610 high school students in Seoul and Kyunggido. The collected data was analysed by SAS. The differences between the runaway impulse group and the non-runaway impulse group were subject to chi-square and t-test. Also logistic regression analysis was conducted on the basis of purposeful selection method for constructing the forecast model. The findings are as follows : the major predicting factors of youth runaway impulse are sex(odds ratio=1.886, p=.009), existence of friends of the opposit sex(odds ratio=2.011, p=.007), anti-social personality(odds ratio= 4.953, p=.000), depressive trend(odds ratio= 2.695, p=.000), family structure(odds ratio= 5.381, p=.000), marital relationship(odds ratio =1.893, p=.009) and also between parents and youth(odds ratio=3.877, p=.000), emotional abuse(odds ratio=1.963, p=.003), authoritative controlled rearing(odds ratio=2.135, p=.005) and stress from school(odds ratio=1.924, p=.008). Therefore, the forecast model will be contribute to the nursing intervention for prevention of runaway youth.
Adolescent* ; Child ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Homeless Youth* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nursing ; Parents ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Child Health

Ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is a method of securing the airway of a fetus while maintaining umbilical circulation for newborns who are experiencing life-threatening airway obstruction. Cesarean section is completed only after ensuring the neonate’s safety. However, managing the airway of a neonate while maintaining umbilical circulation is a major challenge for anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists must understand the physiology of both the mother and fetus, and extensive discussions with obstetricians, pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and nursing staff prior to the procedure are essential. This review provides an overview of the EXIT and details of airway management for neonates.

When first introduced, percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) was performed using a bronchoscope. The bronchoscope itself, however, has several disadvantages, including interruption of ventilation. Modifications of the standard PDT technique have suggested that PDT can be safely performed without a bronchoscope. However, the safety of these modifications is unclear and many modifications have yet to be widely adopted. This study retrospectively evaluated the safety of a simplified PDT technique using the Cook® Ciaglia Blue Rhino™ in 186 patients. After confirming the underlying structures by palpation, PDT was performed without a bronchoscope or blunt dissection, 2.0 cm below the cricothyroid membrane. Ultrasonography was used only when palpation was difficult. Except for bleeding in three patients with coagulopathy, none of the patients experienced any early or late complications, and there were no deaths related to PDT. These findings confirm that PDT can be safely performed using a simplified technique, which may be useful in situations with limited equipment and medical personnel.
Airway Management ; Bronchoscopes ; Bronchoscopy ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Membranes ; Palpation ; Retrospective Studies ; Tracheostomy* ; Ultrasonography ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the predictive value of aspects of the Transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change as applied to smoking cessation in a rural population. METHOD: A convenience sample was recruited from a public health center in a community. A total of 484 participants were recruited, including 319 smokers, 116 ex-smokers and 49 non-smokers. A cross-sectional and descriptive design was used in this study. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency statistics, ANOVA and Logistic regression. RESULT: The major findings were 1) The participants were assessed at baseline for their current Stage of Change resulting in a distribution with 42.1% in Precontemplation, 24.1% in Contemplation, 9.7% in Preparation, 6.2% in Active, and 17.9% in the Maintenance stage. 2) There were statistically significant differences of processes of change, decisional balance and situational temptation across the stages of change. 3) The main factors that affect smoking cessation were age, number of years smoking, age when began smoking, self-liberation and negative/affective situations, which combined explained 33.2% of the smoking cessation. CONCLUSION: TTM variables measured prior to a smoking cessation program added little predictive value for cessation outcome beyond that explained by demographic and smoking history variables.
Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology/rehabilitation ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology ; Rural Population ; *Models, Psychological ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Korea ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Adult

BACKGROUND: Earlier studies have reported conflicting results regarding long-term behavioral consequences after anesthesia during the fetal period. Previous studies also suggest several factors that may explain such conflicting data. Thus, we examined the influence of age and sex on long-term behavioral consequences after multiple sevoflurane exposures during the fetal period. METHODS: C57BL/6J pregnant mice received oxygen with or without sevoflurane for 2 hours at gestational day (GD) 14-16. Offspring mice were subjected to behavioral assays for general activity (open field test), learning, and memory (fear chamber test) at postnatal day 30–35. RESULTS: Multiple sevoflurane exposures at GD 14–16 caused significant changes during the fear chamber test in young female offspring mice. Such changes did not occur in young male offspring mice. However, general activity was not affected in both male and female mice. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple sevoflurane exposures in the second trimester of pregnancy affects learning and memory only in young female mice. Further studies focusing on diverse cognitive functions in an age-, sex-dependent manner may provide valuable insights regarding anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
Anesthesia ; Animals ; Cognition ; Female* ; Fetus ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Memory* ; Mice* ; Oxygen ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Pregnancy*

This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRV), beta-galactosidase inserted Bartha strain, into the epididymis of rats. After survival times 4~5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV-Ba-Gal, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned (30 mm). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and beta-galactosidase histochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. The WGA-HRP labeled sympathetic ganglia projecting to the epididymis were observed in pelvic ganglion and L1-6 lumbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The WGA-HRP labeled spinal ganglia projecting to the epididymis were observed in L1-6 spinal ganglia. 3. The beta-galactosidase labeled neurons projecting to the epididymis were observed in lamina VII of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, beta-galactosidase labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III. Dense labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral n. and dorsal commissural n.. In lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in lamina III, IV, V, dorsal commisural n. and superficial dorsal horn. 4. In the medulla oblongata, beta-galactosidase labeled neurons projecting to the epididymis were observed in the trigeminal spinal n., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular n., rostroventrolateral reticular n., area postrema, n. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus n., raphe pallidus n., raphe magnus n., parapyra-midal n., lateral reticular n. and lateral paragigantocellular reticular n.. 5. In the pons, labeled neurons were observed in Kolliker-Fuse n., locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus n. and A5 noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, labeled neurons were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, retrorubral n., substantia nigra and dorsal raphe n.. 7. In the diencephalon, labeled neurons were observed in paraventricular hypothalamic n., lateral hypothalamic nucleus., medial preoptic n. and retrochiasmatic n.. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat epididymis might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and beta-galactosidase labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of vascular smooth muscle in epididymis. These beta-galactosidase labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitoring the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from epididymis to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatomical basic evidence in the regulation of epididymal function.
Animals ; Area Postrema ; beta-Galactosidase ; Brain ; Diencephalon ; Epididymis* ; Ganglia, Spinal ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglion Cysts ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid* ; Horns ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral ; Locus Coeruleus ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata ; Mesencephalon ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Neural Pathways* ; Neurons ; Periaqueductal Gray ; Pons ; Pseudorabies* ; Rats* ; Reflex ; Spinal Cord ; Substantia Nigra ; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate*