As air traffic grows, airport trends are moving towards smart airport to adapt to changing aviation dynamics. It will be a complex environment based on collaboration and innovation of intersecting digital and automation technologies. Smart airport is a developing concept in which new technologies of passenger’s services, aeronautical safety and security reside. It covers the concepts of off-airport beyond the walls of terminal building, self service comprising check-in via internet, mobile tagging, bagdrops, airside access and boarding and business intelligence of operational efficiency utilizing big data. The goal of smart airport is to make systems and processes digitally aware, interconnected, infused with ICT technologies. Thus it can provide convenience for passengers and be a playground for industry business.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that communicates data between devices, which are things, using an embedded sensor connected through network backbone such as the internet. Here, data communication technology, sensor technology, and actuator (interface) technology are fused into IoT and it turns devices into smart things. As a result, vast sized data are being generated and that data is being processed into useful actions that can control the things that are devices to make our lives much fruitful. Nowadays, the IoT, early defined as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) connection, becomes a key technology powered by growing innovation of wireless communication trends in the internet connectivity through mobile networking.This paper gives an overview of Internet of Things and brief information about major technologies and its applications in various fields focusing aviation.

Big data is a technology that processes a large amount of structured and unstructured data sets that are beyond the ability to manage data with commonly used data analysis methods. According to the amount and type of data is showing explosive changes, and the amount and type of data in the industry are also increasing remarkably. Now, how to extract meaningful information from the exploding data from those of data bunches and use it as valuable information is becoming a social task. In the existing traditional data, individual data itself was important, but big data must deal with a large amount of data and judge it from an overall perspective, so innovation of the existing data judgment method is needed. Big data has a common feature that can be called “3V”: data volume, variety and velocity, because it is significantly different from existing traditional data handling method. Since the nature of big data has changed to the extent that it is impossible to smoothly collect and process it with existing technologies, various advanced big data processing technologies are needed to extract value. Big data is not a single technical item, but comprehensive technology in which various underlying technologies are fused.

Blockchain is a type of distributed database managed through multiple network transaction details (P2P, Peer to Peer), and transaction information is stored on multiple computers (nodes) connected to the blockchain network instead of storing it in one server. It is an algorithm that binds transaction details to form blocks, connects multiple blocks like a chain, and then copies and distributes them by a large number of people. In the case of the aviation industry, it is worth making full use of blockchain technology to revolutionize existing systems and business processes in terms of cost and transaction transparency, so blockchain can become one of the innovative technologies that will change the paradigm of the aviation industry. As the blockchain market is still in an immature stage and the development of technology is expected in the future, it is necessary to prepare support measures to lead and preempt the global blockchain market in the future through development support and cooperation that can be actively used in the field.

The basic concept of virtual reality (VR) means ‘an artificial environment that is similar to reality but is not real.’ In general, virtual reality refers to a technology that goes beyond simply implementing a virtual space and directly affects the user's five senses to enable a spatial and temporal experience close to reality. Customer adoption of virtual reality technology is still in its infancy, but as innovation continues to strengthen, more businesses are exploring virtual reality. Several fields have already begun to benefit from the use of virtual reality. Specifically, advancements are being made in games, entertainment, medicine and education, It also enables aeromedical training using simulation techniques. Despite the bright future outlook, there are still problems that need to be resolved, such as high costs and lack of good content. In this article, I will introduce VR and consider its specific use cases in the field of aviation medicine.

No abstract available.
Eczema* ; Scrotum ; Syphilis*

No abstract available.
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous* ; Lip*

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the neural functional organization of swallowing in the elderly is essential when diagnosing and treating older adults with swallowing difficulties. While brain-imaging studies in young adults have implicated multiple cortical regions in swallowing, only a few investigations were performed on older subjects. In this study, we aimed to compare neural activation in regions for swallowing between healthy young and older adults and to better understand neural control of deglutition, complex sensory-motor process which occurs as a result of old age. METHOD: Fifteen young and fifteen older healthy individuals without a swallowing problem were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during voluntary saliva swallowing. Functional image data was obtained with a T2 gradient-echo, echo planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence optimized for blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Two samples t-test was conducted to perform group comparison (younger adults versus older adults) for the areas in which the activation was larger for the swallowing condition than the non-swallow condition. RESULT: Both groups showed activations in areas involved in the motor control and execution. In both groups, main regions of activation included bilateral prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, insula, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Between-group comparisons revealed statistically stronger activations in the prefrontal cortex and middle temporal gyrus of older adults during swallowing. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that swallowing requires larger and more widespread areas of neural control in older adults group, especially in prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. These findings suggest that more demanding swallowing tasks are necessary for elderly patients because of their inefficient neural network due to their age.
Adult ; Aged ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebellum ; Deglutition* ; Echo-Planar Imaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Methods ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Saliva ; Somatosensory Cortex ; Temporal Lobe ; Young Adult

Red ginseng (RG) exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulatory effects on endometriosis through the regulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression. It may also ameliorate endometriosis by affecting the expression of multiple miRNAs simultaneously, rather than acting on a single miRNA at a given time. Since studies on the overall effects of RG on endometriosis via the regulation of miRNA expression are lacking, the current study aimed to explore the global effect of RG on miRNA expression in a mouse model of endometriosis. Methods: To establish the mouse model, the uterine horn of donor mice was implanted into the lateral side of the recipients’ peritoneum, followed by vehicle or RG treatment for 8 weeks. Results: To confirm the effects of RG on the established mouse model, the size of the implanted uterus was measured; it was found to be lower in mice from the RG group than in mice from the control group. miRNA expression profiles in the implanted uterus of the mouse model of endometriosis after vehicle or RG administration were analyzed using microarray technology. Thereafter, seven candidate miRNAs and 125 candidate genes (miRNA targets) were identified through a bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that RG regulates the expression of multiple miRNAs and mRNAs, thereby alleviating endometriosis in a mouse model of the disease.

Purpose: The diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases are important for pilots, as well as the assessment of workload. Heart rate variability (HRV) can be evaluated from electrocardiography (ECG) signals during flight phases to assess the activation of the autonomic nervous system. Methods: In this study, continuous ECG activity was recorded of one pilot who flied as a pilot flying during a 4-hour long round trip using wearable ECG machine and was analyzed with MATLAB (R2020b ver. 9.9, The Mathworks Inc.). Total flight was divided into five phases: preflight, take off, cruise, landing, and postflight. Results: Mean heart rate (HR) was lowest in the postflight phase (76 bpm), and highest in the landing phase (86 bpm). Landing phase showed the highest values in standard deviation of NN interval (59.3 ms), triangular index (11.7), and triangular interpolation of NN interval (195 ms), while the postflight phase had highest root mean square of successive difference (20.5 ms) and proportion of successive RR interval (3.4 ms). As for frequency-domain metrics, the landing phase had the highest lowfrequency/high-frequency ratio of 5.33. Among the non-linear HRV measures, the landing phase presented the lowest SD1/SD2 ratio (0.15). Conclusion We observed the relative increase of mean HR and change of HRV in the landing phase, indicating elevated sympathetic nervous tone. Further studies should be considered to evaluate specific changes of ECG signals in flight phases and confirm the clinical use of the MATLAB signal analysis tools.