OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to obtain insights into the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the city of Daegu, which accounted for 6,482 of the 9,241 confirmed cases in Korea as of March 26, 2020, to predict the future spread, and to analyze the impact of school opening. METHODS: Using an individual-based model, we simulated the spread of COVID-19 in Daegu. An individual can be infected through close contact with infected people in a household, at work/school, and at religious and social gatherings. We created a synthetic population from census sample data. Then, 9,000 people were randomly selected from the entire population of Daegu and set as members of the Shincheonji Church. We did not take into account population movements to and from other regions in Korea. RESULTS: Using the individual-based model, the cumulative confirmed cases in Daegu through March 26, 2020, were reproduced, and it was confirmed that the hotspot, i.e., the Shincheonji Church had a different probability of infection than non-hotspot, i.e., the Daegu community. For 3 scenarios (I: school closing, II: school opening after April 6, III: school opening after April 6 and the mean period from symptom onset to hospitalization increasing to 4.3 days), we predicted future changes in the pattern of COVID-19 spread in Daegu. CONCLUSIONS Compared to scenario I, it was found that in scenario III, the cumulative number of patients would increase by 107 and the date of occurrence of the last patient would be delayed by 92 days.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to obtain insights into the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the city of Daegu, which accounted for 6,482 of the 9,241 confirmed cases in Korea as of March 26, 2020, to predict the future spread, and to analyze the impact of school opening. METHODS: Using an individual-based model, we simulated the spread of COVID-19 in Daegu. An individual can be infected through close contact with infected people in a household, at work/school, and at religious and social gatherings. We created a synthetic population from census sample data. Then, 9,000 people were randomly selected from the entire population of Daegu and set as members of the Shincheonji Church. We did not take into account population movements to and from other regions in Korea. RESULTS: Using the individual-based model, the cumulative confirmed cases in Daegu through March 26, 2020, were reproduced, and it was confirmed that the hotspot, i.e., the Shincheonji Church had a different probability of infection than non-hotspot, i.e., the Daegu community. For 3 scenarios (I: school closing, II: school opening after April 6, III: school opening after April 6 and the mean period from symptom onset to hospitalization increasing to 4.3 days), we predicted future changes in the pattern of COVID-19 spread in Daegu. CONCLUSIONS Compared to scenario I, it was found that in scenario III, the cumulative number of patients would increase by 107 and the date of occurrence of the last patient would be delayed by 92 days.

Etiologies of the molar teeth impaction are cyst, supernumerary teeth, ankylosis by replacement by replacement resorption, abnormal eruptive path. improper orthodontic treatment, etc. If the impacted teeth were untreated, the sequallae was as follows : loss of occlusal function, loss of permanent tooth, extrusion of opposite tooth, root resorption of adjacent teeth. The most important factor solution of impacted teeth is treatment timing & proper application of orthodontic forces.
Ankylosis ; Molar* ; Root Resorption ; Tooth* ; Tooth, Impacted ; Tooth, Supernumerary

A comparative stydy was undertaken to investigate the collapse of maxillary dental arch and palate in unilateral cleft lip and palate indivduals. The material for this study consisted of 39 subjects with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (30 males, 9 females). The measurements of unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals were compared with the measurements of normal indiviuals (30 males, 30 females). All the subjects were in the mixed dentition stage and the mean age was almost the same. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. A large number of the maxillary dental arch of the unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals showed omega-shape, and the arch sighificant difference between cleft group and group, but the intercanine width was mcuh smaller than that of normal individuals. 2. The palate of the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects showed shorter and shallower form than that of normal subjects. 3. The palate area of the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects was smaller than that of normal subjects, and the cleft side area was much smaller than the opposing side area. 4. There was no significant sexual difference in measurements of maxillary dental arch and palate of the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects.
Cleft Lip* ; Dental Arch* ; Dentition, Mixed ; Humans ; Male ; Palate*

This study was performed to identify the characteristics of the OFC1 gene (locus: chromosome 6p24.3) in Korean patients, which is assumed to be the major gene behind the nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. The sample consisted of 80 subjects: 40 nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate patients (proband, 20 males and females, mean age 14.2 years); and 40 normal adults (20 males and 20 females, mean age 25.6 years). Using PCR-based assay, the OFC1 gene was amplified, sequenced, and then searched for similar protein structures. Results were as follows: 1. The OFC1 gene contains the microsatellite marker 'CA' repeats. The number of the reference 'CA' repeats was 21 times, and formed as TA(CA)11TA(CA)10. But,in Koreans, the number of tandem 'CA' repeats was varied from 17 to 26 except 18, and 'CA' repeats consisted of TA(CA)n. 2. Nine allelic variants were found. Distribution of the OFC1 allele was similar between the patients and control group. 3. There was a replacement of the base 'T' to 'C' after 11 tandem 'CA' repeats in Koreans compared with Weissenbach's report. However, the difference did not seem to be the ORF prediction results between Koreans and Weissenbach's report. 4. The BLAST search results showed the Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the Nucleotide binding protein 2 (NBP2) as similar proteins. The TERT was a protein product by the hTERT gene in the locus 5p15.33 (NCBI Genome Annotation; NT023089). The NBP2 was a protein product by the ABCC3 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C) gene in the locus 17q22 (NCBI Genome Annotation; NT010783). 5. In the Pedant-Pro database analysis, the predictable protein structure of the OFC1 gene had at least one transmembrane region and one non-globular region.
Adult ; Alleles ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Cleft Lip* ; Ecthyma, Contagious ; Female ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Palate* ; Telomerase

Respiration is one of the most important functions which are carried out in stomatognathic system. When nasal orifice is obstructed or the resistance of upper airway is increased mouth breathing is initiated. Mouth breathing is regarded as an important etiologic factor of dentofacial anomalies. This experiment was performed to observe the influences of metabolic acidosis, tracheal resistance and vagotomy on mouth breathing. After rabbits were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, a pair of wire electrode was inserted into mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle and dilator naris muscle to record EMG activity. Femoral vein and artery were cannulated for infusion of 0.3N HCl and collection of blood sample to determine the blood pH, and tracheal intubation was done to control airway resistance. Mouth breathing was induced by metabolic acidosis. Increase of the airway resistance through tracheal cannula intensified the activity of dilator naris, mylohyoid and digastric muscle. The higher the resistance, the larger the EMG amplitude. After bilateral vagotomy, respiratory volume and inspiatory time were increased and the activities of dilator naris, mylohyoid and digastric muscle were strengthened. It was concluded that the muscle activity related to mouth breathing was induced by metabolic acidosis and increase of tracheal tube resistance.
Acidosis* ; Airway Resistance* ; Arteries ; Catheters ; Electrodes ; Femoral Vein ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intubation ; Mouth Breathing* ; Mouth* ; Pentobarbital ; Rabbits ; Respiration ; Sodium ; Stomatognathic System ; Vagotomy*

No abstract available.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Calcium ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Magnesium ; Pancreas ; Rats

The Korean Neuropsychiatric Association has decided that the existing nomenclature "Schizophrenia" should be replaced with "Attunement disorder" in order to mitigate prejudices from the general public. In this process, "attunement" was meant to express the harmonious relationship and organic integration among the various substructures of global mental functioning. However, the term "attunement" and related concepts had occupied an important position in discourses surrounding the fundamental concept of schizophrenia. In this regard, the historical vicissitudes of the term "attunement" in the context of schizophrenia research was discussed. The term "attunement" is an English translation of Heideggerian expressions "Befindlichkeit" and "Stimmung". It is used by Heidegger to convey the emotional experience of Dasein's inextricable entanglement with the surrounding interpersonal world. Heidegger's philosophical works formed the theoretical foundation for the so-called Phenomenological-anthropological psychiatry. Psychiatrists influenced by this approach argue that patients with schizophrenia suffer from a sense of alienation and bewilderment resulting from loss of normal attunement. In addition, they stress that the loss of attunement brings about distorted self-experience, which leads to strange and uncanny life experiences exiled from intersubjectivity based society. From the phenomenological perspective, mind or consciousness is not a solipsistic Cartesian reason confined to the brain, but an intentional existence embedded in the interpersonal and intersubjective worlds. In the developmental period, intentional relationship between the consciousness and the world has been acquired from repeated shared experiences with other people via intersubjectivity. The intersubjective experiences also contribute to maintenance of solid attunement even after reaching mature adulthood. Whatever the reason, losing the tacit understanding of the world will cause disintegration of the foundation of intersubjectivity and confusion with regard to the certainties of self and the world. This state was described as "Attunement disorder". Recent emphasis on neurobiological understanding of schizophrenia has impeded the proper appreciation of Phenomenological-anthropological understanding of schizophrenia, one of the valuable heritages of psychiatry. Meanwhile, the concept of phenomenological understanding or embedded cognition has recently gained renewed attention among neuroscientists studying neurobiological correlates of consciousness. Standing on the pivotal point witnessing the conceptual change from "Schizophrenia" to "Attunement disorder", reappraisal of the past heritage from modern perspectives would be a valuable endeavor for advancement of psychiatry.
Brain ; Cognition ; Consciousness ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Prejudice ; Psychiatry ; Schizophrenia

The majority of the cysts developed in pancreas are inflammatory pseudocyst but neoplastic cysts are rarely encountered Especially, mucinous cystadenoma which was begun and originated from epithelial cell of pancreatic duct is difficult to differentiate from pseudocysts by preoperative clinical, laboratory and radiologic findings. Mucinous cystadenoma has a malignant potentiality, so complete excision of cystadenoma is the treatment of choice. Recently, we experienced one case of mucionus cystadenoma in 37 year-old female, we report it with a review of the literature.
Adult ; Cystadenoma ; Cystadenoma, Mucinous* ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Humans ; Mucins* ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatic Ducts