The purpose of this study was to find the distribution and measurement of compressive and tensile stress when intrusi- on arch wire is forced engage with upper canine and to analysis stress at each section through FEM. And we compare compressive and tensile ratio at each section. The results were as follows. 1. At FA point and cemento-enamel junction of upper canine, compressive and tensile force ratio is about the same. 2. At apex, compressive force is the four times as tensile force. ; In intrusion, we show root resorption at apex. 3. At Cemento-enamel junction, the compressive and tensile force show the maximun value except FA point.
Root Resorption

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a main cause of failure in retinal reattachment surgery. There have been many studies about the inhibition of proliferative vitreoretinophthy with several drugs. Authors investigated the inhibitory effect of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and retinal toxicity with various concentration of daunorubicin after intravitreal injection into the eyes of the pigmented rabbit. 7 pigment rabbit (11eyes) were used as subjects. After lensectomy and vitrectomy, control group was injected dermal fibroblast and F-BSS, and treatment group was injected dermal fibroblast and 5, 10, 15, 30 nmol Daunorubicin. At two weeks after intravitreal injection, both group were enucleated and examined with gross finding, light--microscopy, and electronmicroscopy. In all control group, proliferative vitreoretinopathy was found, but only preretinal membrane formation was found in 5, 10 nmol Daunorubicin injected group. In 15 nmol Daunorubicin injected group, the retina structure was preserved normally. In 30 nmol Daunorubicin injected group, the retinal outer segment was degenerated in microscopic finding. These results show that Daunorubicin has a potent effect on proliferative vitreoretinopathy, especially in 15 nmol, but retinal toxicity is suspected in marethan 30 nmol.
Daunorubicin* ; Fibroblasts ; Intravitreal Injections ; Membranes ; Retina ; Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment ; Retinaldehyde ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative*

No abstract available.
Clonorchiasis* ; Clonorchis sinensis

No abstract available.
Epidermal Cyst* ; Neuroma* ; Scalp*

Background: This study was designed to determine whether presynaptic receptor blockade could be differentiated from postsynaptic receptor blockade by examining the effect of increasing frequencies of indirect stimulation on partial twitch depression in vitro rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations. Methods: After isolating rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparation, T200/T1 ratio (twitch height of the 200th stimuli divided by that of the 1st stimuli) at frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz using a drug concentration which provided approximately 20% twitch depression at 0.1 Hz was calculated. To compare T200/T1 ratios with TOF ratios, 2.0 Hz TOF response was measured immediately after 200th stimuli at either frequency of stimulation. Results: Hexamethonium caused a marked decrease in T200/T1 ratio at 0.5~2.0 Hz of stimulation, whereas alpha-bungarotoxin caused no change in T200/T1 ratios at up to 2.0 Hz of stimulation. The T200/T1 ratios produced by d-tubocurarine, vecuronium, mivacurium, and rocuronium located intermediate between alpha-bungarotoxin and hexamethonium, however significant differences among four drugs were found at 2.0 Hz. The propensity for decrease in T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz might differ from this study: hexamethonium >d-tubocurarine >rocuronium >mivacurium = vecuronium >alpha-bungarotoxin. T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz were not different from TOF ratios. Conclusions: When the observed effects in this study were provided with result of alpha-bungarotoxin acting predominantly at postsynaptic receptors and hexamethonium acting predominantly at presynaptic receptors, the effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants at each binding site could be differentiated by examining the T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz.
Animals ; Binding Sites ; Bungarotoxins ; Depression* ; Hexamethonium ; Phrenic Nerve* ; Rats* ; Receptors, Presynaptic ; Tubocurarine ; Vecuronium Bromide

Tracheal bronchus is an aberrant bronchus that arises most often from the right tracheal wall above the carina and is the result of an additional tracheal outgrowth early in embryonic life. It; incidence ranges between 0.1 and 5%. This anomaly is usually diagnosed incidentally during bronchoscopy, bronchography or computed tomography. Occasionally, it represents the underlying etiology for chronic pulmonary disease, especially if it involves the right upper lobe and reflects an abnorrnal pulmonary clearing mechanism. The tracheal bronchus may be associated with other bronchopulmonary anomalies, tracheal stenosis, or Down's syndrome. Asymptornatic tracheal bronchus does not require any treatment. In case of tracheal bronchus associated recurrent right upper lobe diseases, tracheal bronchus therapy should include resection of the aberrant bronchus as well as the lob it supplies. (J Korgan Pediatr Soc 2000;43:1501-1504)
Bronchi* ; Bronchography ; Bronchoscopy* ; Down Syndrome ; Equipment and Supplies ; Incidence ; Lung Diseases ; Tracheal Diseases ; Tracheal Stenosis

Astrovirus is frequently associated with diarrhea in children. It can not be readily isolated by cell culture, and an electronmicroscope is usually used for detection of this agent. Recently in 1995 a combined method of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was designed for easier detection of astrovirus, which is based on the conserved sequence in 3'-end of genomes of the 7 known serotypes of human astrovirus. As of yet there has not been any report of astrovirus data in Korea using the RT-PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to detect astrovirus incidence, severity of symptoms, seasonal variation and coinfection rate with rotavirus in Korean children inpatients with diarrhea. Fecal specimens from 61 young children hospitalized with gasteroenteritis Korea from Jan. 1996 through Mar. 1997. They were examined for astroviurs infection by RT-PCR method. Results are as follows: 1. Astrovirus was detected at 9.8% (6/61) from fecal specimens of children with severe diarrhea by EIA using monoclonal antibody coated plates. 2. Astorvirus was detected at 29.5% (18/61) from fecal specimens of children with severe diarrhea by RT-PCR. 3. The age of the 18 children affected by astrovirus ranged from 2 monthes to 7 years with mean of 3.0 years. 4. Mean hospital stay of the 1S children was 6.1 days. 5. Five (27.8%) astrovirus RT-PCR positive strains were confirmed in November and in December, respectively out of 18 specimens in total. 6. Astrovirus coinfection with rotavirus type G1 was confirmed in 15/16 specimens (93.8%), and with type G2 was in 1/16 specimens (6.3%).
Cell Culture Techniques ; Child* ; Coinfection ; Conserved Sequence ; Diarrhea ; Feces* ; Genome ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Mamastrovirus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Reverse Transcription* ; Rotavirus ; Seasons

PURPOSE: In gastric cancer, metastasis to the paraaortic lymph nodes had been regarded as an incurable factor, but many cases of long term survival have been reported with dissection of metastatic paraaortic nodes. And several reports suggested survival benefit with paraaortic lymph node dissection (D4) in advanced gastric cancer. In patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent paraaortic lymph node dissection we tried to evaluate the factors predisposing metastasis in these nodes and survival data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors analyzed retrospectively pathological features of 95 patients who underwent paraacntic lymph node dissection for advanced gastric cancer at Kangnam General Hospital Public Corporation Bom May 1991 to Feb. 1998. And we also analysed survival results of 72 cases among them. We excluded 18 cases of distant metastasis (3 liver metastasis, 15 peritoneal seeding), 2 operative mortalities, 1 other disease mortality, and 2 unlmown causes of death in survival analysis. RESULTS: The frequencies of paraaortic lymph node metastasis were 0.0% (0 of 32 cases) in T2, 19.2% (10 of 52 cases) in T3, 18.2% (2 of 11 cases) in T4. And those of paraaortic lymph node metastasis were 5.8% (3 of 52 cases) in antrum, 14.3% (3 fo 21 cases) in body, 20.0% (3 of 15 cases) in cardia, and 42.9% (3 of 7 cases) in whole area. The five-year survival rates (5 YSRs) in relation to the paraaortic lymph node (No16) status was 0.096 in No16+, and 57.8Po in Nol6 with D4 of advanced gastric cancer. The 5 YSRs were 78.1%, 40.8% and 0% in T2, T3 and T4, respectively and 93.8%, 64.2%, 24.2% and 0.0% in n0, nl, n2 and n.3, respectively and 88.9%, 80.5%, 57.9% and 0.0% (47.6%) and 0.0% in stage IB, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV, respectively. CONCLUSION: The depth of gastric wall invasion and the location of primary tumor were significant predisposing factors to para-aortic lymph node metastasis in multivariate analysis (p<0.05). Survival of No16 metastasis was very poor. And three factors of T stage, n stage, and Bonmann type were also prognostically significant in terms of five year survival in cases of D4 of advanced gastric cancer in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05).
Cardia ; Causality ; Cause of Death ; Drug Therapy* ; Granisetron* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Liver ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nausea* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Platinum* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survival Rate ; Vomiting*

In 2008, Korea has enacted new ordinances about the role of estheticians, but this law can be interpreted ambiguously, restricting hiring of estheticians in medical clinics. The purpose of the study is to obtain information about medical-esthetic systems in other countries. We have taken a survey of this object from 30 OECD & Asian countries, and the questionnaires returned from a total of 22 countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Singapore, Israel, and Thailand), were used for the final analysis. The results are summarized as follows. In most countries, estheticians working independently deal with only healthy, normal skin. In most countries, estheticians working independently have no right to operate any medical instruments. In all 17 countries that returned the questionnaires medical clinics can employ estheticians, and only theses estheticians who belong to the medical clinics can handle the non-invasive medical instruments under the supervision of doctors. In 17 countries that have related legal regulations, nurses, under the control of doctors, can perform wider range of duties in various settings than estheticians. The survey concludes that the duties of estheticians are closely related with medical skin care services and estheticians can perform various non-invasive medical procedures only under the control of doctors. From consulting a variety of medical-esthetic systems in other countries, we propose that the estheticians be allowed to work in medical clinics to provide better medical services for the patients and to make more chances of employment for themselves.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Austria ; Canada ; Denmark ; Employment ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Hungary ; Israel ; Japan ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Organization and Administration ; Portugal ; Questionnaires ; Singapore ; Skin ; Skin Care ; Slovakia ; Social Control, Formal ; Spain ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States

Since introduction of venous flap in 1980, many experimental studies and clinical applications of various kinds of venous flaps were reported. Venous flap has the following advantages : (1) nonbulky and goo-quality of flap (2) long & large vascular pedicle (3) easy & rapid elevation of flap (4) no sacrifice of major arteries (5) a single operative field. But, we also have some disadvantages of difficult handling of the pliable veins and the tmcertainty of flap survival. For the better result we had to design the size of the flap larger than that of defect and increase the number of draining vein to reduce the postoperative edema of the flap. We have treated the defects of soft tissue of the hand using free arterialized venous flap from the flexor aspect of the forearm & had an excellent results.
Arteries ; Edema ; Forearm ; Hand* ; Veins ; Wounds and Injuries*