PURPOSE: The pharmacologic effect of atropine on HPS can be considered to control pyloric muscle spasm. Therefore, we studied the effects of intravenous atropine sulfate on the clinical course of HPS, and periodically observed the ultrasonographic appearance of the pyloric muscles after atropine treatment. METHODS:From April 1998 to May 1999, 14 infants who were diagnosed with HPS were treated with intravenous atropine sulfate. Intravenous atropine sulfate was administered at an initial dose of 0.04mg/kg/day, which was divided into 8 equal doses. The daily dose was increased by 0.01 mg/kg/day until vomiting was controlled for an entire day while infants received unrestricted oral feeding. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed during hospitalization and repeated at least every 2 months until normalization of pyloric muscles was confirmed. RESULTS: Intravenous atropine was effective in 12 of 14 infants with HPS and the conditions of 9 of them improved. Two infants who were not free from vomiting despite a week of intravenous atropine sulfate treatment underwent pyloromyotomy. A series of ultrasonographic examinations were done after vomiting had improved with intravenous atropine sulfate. The ultrasonographic findings showed good passage of gastric contents through pyloric canals despite thickening of the pyloric muscles. CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of atropine sulfate is an effective therapy for HPS and can be an alternative to pyloromyotomy. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 2000;43:763-768)
Administration, Intravenous ; Atropine* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant ; Muscles ; Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic* ; Spasm ; Vomiting

An ABO discrepancy was observed in a 37-year-old patient with duodenal ulcer bleeding and B subgroup was suspected. The results of adsorption-elution test, saliva and serum inhibition test and family study suggested Bx phenotype that is not a usual phenotype and is the second case to be reported in Korea.
Adult ; Duodenal Ulcer ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Korea ; Phenotype ; Saliva

No abstract available.
Flow Cytometry* ; Immunophenotyping* ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma*

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, status, severity, frequency, and impact on life of drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 74 children with cerebral palsy, aged 2-6 years (53.68±17.33 months), who exhibited drooling symptoms were assessed using the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS) and the Drooling Impact Scale (DIS) to determine the status, severity, frequency, and impact of drooling in drooling group and control group. The study also examined differences in drooling-related factors based on gender, age, and prematurity status. Results: The overall prevalence of drooling was 60.8%, 35.6% in those with spastic quadriplegia, and 77.8% in children at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level III-V. Significant differences were found in drooling severity based on gender, prematurity, and age. Higher scores were observed for drooling severity and frequency, frequency of wiping the mouth, and the impact of drooling on the child’s life compare to control group.Although a few had undergone drooling-related treatments, many parents expressed a desire to receive treatment. It was reported that treatment for drooling was primarily provided by occupational therapists through referrals to rehabilitation medicine, with dysphagia rehabilitation and oral motor therapy being the main interventions. Conclusion By utilizing standardized assessment tools, the severity of drooling according to the specific conditions of children with disabilities was assessed. It is believed that the necessary steps to be taken include identifying the cause of drooling and setting appropriate treatment goals, followed by the provision for a suitable intervention.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, status, severity, frequency, and impact on life of drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 74 children with cerebral palsy, aged 2-6 years (53.68±17.33 months), who exhibited drooling symptoms were assessed using the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS) and the Drooling Impact Scale (DIS) to determine the status, severity, frequency, and impact of drooling in drooling group and control group. The study also examined differences in drooling-related factors based on gender, age, and prematurity status. Results: The overall prevalence of drooling was 60.8%, 35.6% in those with spastic quadriplegia, and 77.8% in children at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level III-V. Significant differences were found in drooling severity based on gender, prematurity, and age. Higher scores were observed for drooling severity and frequency, frequency of wiping the mouth, and the impact of drooling on the child’s life compare to control group.Although a few had undergone drooling-related treatments, many parents expressed a desire to receive treatment. It was reported that treatment for drooling was primarily provided by occupational therapists through referrals to rehabilitation medicine, with dysphagia rehabilitation and oral motor therapy being the main interventions. Conclusion By utilizing standardized assessment tools, the severity of drooling according to the specific conditions of children with disabilities was assessed. It is believed that the necessary steps to be taken include identifying the cause of drooling and setting appropriate treatment goals, followed by the provision for a suitable intervention.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, status, severity, frequency, and impact on life of drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 74 children with cerebral palsy, aged 2-6 years (53.68±17.33 months), who exhibited drooling symptoms were assessed using the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS) and the Drooling Impact Scale (DIS) to determine the status, severity, frequency, and impact of drooling in drooling group and control group. The study also examined differences in drooling-related factors based on gender, age, and prematurity status. Results: The overall prevalence of drooling was 60.8%, 35.6% in those with spastic quadriplegia, and 77.8% in children at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level III-V. Significant differences were found in drooling severity based on gender, prematurity, and age. Higher scores were observed for drooling severity and frequency, frequency of wiping the mouth, and the impact of drooling on the child’s life compare to control group.Although a few had undergone drooling-related treatments, many parents expressed a desire to receive treatment. It was reported that treatment for drooling was primarily provided by occupational therapists through referrals to rehabilitation medicine, with dysphagia rehabilitation and oral motor therapy being the main interventions. Conclusion By utilizing standardized assessment tools, the severity of drooling according to the specific conditions of children with disabilities was assessed. It is believed that the necessary steps to be taken include identifying the cause of drooling and setting appropriate treatment goals, followed by the provision for a suitable intervention.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distributions at the periodontal ligament (PDL) and displacements of the maxillary first molar when mesially directed force was applied under various molar angulations and rotations. A three dimensional finite element model of the maxillary first molar and its periodontal ligament was made. Upright position, mesially angulated position by 20degrees and distally angulated position of the same degree were simulated to investigate the effect of molar angulation. An anteriorly directed force of 200g, countertipping moment of 1,800gm-mm (9:1 moment/force ratio) and counterrotation moment of 1,000gm-mm (5:1 moment/force ratio) were applied in each situation. To evaluate the effect of molar rotation on the stress distribution, mesial-in rotation by 20degrees and the same amount of distal-in rotation were simulated. The same force and moments were applied in each situation. The results were as follows: In all situations, there was no significant difference in mesially directed tooth displacement. Also, any differences in stress distributions could not be found, in other words, there were no different mesial movements. Stress distributions and tooth displacement of the 20degrees mesially angulated situation were very similar with those of the 20degrees distal-in rotated situation. The same phenomenon was obserned between the 20degrees distally angulated situation and 20degrees mesial-in rotated situation. When the tooth was mesially angulated, or distal-in rotated, mesially directed force made the tooth rotate in the coronal plane, with its roots moving buccally, and its crown moving lingually. When the tooth was distally angulated, or mesial-in rotated, mesially directed force made the tooth rotate in the coronal plane, with its roots moving lingually, and its crown moving buccally. When force is applied to an angulated or rotated molar, the orthodontist should understand that additional torque control is needed to prevent unwanted tooth rotation in the coronal plane.
Crowns ; Molar* ; Periodontal Ligament* ; Tooth ; Torque

PURPOSE: Osteoporosis and growth failure have been known one of the serious side effects of corticosteroid therapy especially in children. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of long-term administration of steroids on bone mineral density(BMD) in children with nephrotic syndrome and its relationship to cumulative steroid dose, the duration of therapy and sex. Meathods : The BMD of the spine and arm were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in 24 children with biopsy-proven minimal change nephrotic syndrome who have been revealed steroid dependent and/or frequent relapse in its clinical course and in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The mean duration of steroid therapy was 37+/-29.8 months and the mean cumulative steroid doses was 12.8+/-7.7g/m2. RESULTS: 1) The BMD at arm was 0.57+/-0.06g/cm2 in patient group and 0.59+/- 0.06g/cm2 in control group. The BMD at spine was 0.68+/-0.1g/cm2 in patient group and 0.76+/-0.1g/ cm2 in control group. Compared with control group significant decrease in BMD was detected in patient group at arm(p=0.011) and spine(p<0.01). The bone loss at spine and arm was -10.6+/-7.44% and -3.7+/-5.5%, respectively. The bone loss was more prominant at spine(p<0.01). 2) Bone loss at arm was significantly correlated to the total cumulative dose of steroid(Y=-0.0029-0.294X, r=-0.4148, p=0.0434), but was not correlated to the duration of steroid(Y=-2.15-0.04X, r=0.1396, p=0.4619). At spine, there were no significant correlation between bone loss and the cumulative steroid doses(Y=-8.47-0.178X, r=-0.19397, p=0.363) and the duration of steroid therapy (Y=-9.75-0.025X, r=0.09081, p=0.6332). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term use of steroid can induce significant bone loss at the both site of arm and spine. To minimize the extent of corticosteroid-induced bone loss, BMD measurement using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in children with nephrotic syndrome would be helpful.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Arm ; Bone Density* ; Child* ; Humans ; Nephrosis, Lipoid* ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Osteoporosis ; Recurrence ; Spine ; Steroids

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to find the differences of temperamental characteristics of Korean children according to family environment and developmental history. METHODS: 1) The mothers whose children had been educated at twenty-five Samsung Child Care Centers nationwide participated in the survey using Parent Temperament Questionnaire for Children (PTQ) and the Child Development Questionnaire (CDQ). 2) The temperament of 1,175 children whose mothers completed PTQ were classified into 5 diagnostic clusters (Easy, Intermediate Low, Intermediate High, Difficult, Slow-To-Warm-Up) according to the method proposed by Fullard et al. 3) The results of classification were compared and analysed statistically according to each CDQ parameters. RESULTS: Statistically meaningful difference in the distribution of temperamental clusters were found in the CDQ parameters such as birth order of children, number of intimate friends, children's relationship with their peers, children's relationship with their siblings, children's relationship with their parents, type of milk feeding, motor development of children during 2 years after birth, motor development during from age 2 to 5, stranger anxiety, present health state of children, and relationship between parents. After all, the proportion of Easy type was greater in the children who were first-born, or who had good relationship with their peers or family, fast motor development, mild stranger anxiety, good health condition, or good relationship between each parent. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the distribution of temperamental cluster was significantly different in several parameters of family environment and developmental history of Korean children. The children with fast development, good interpersonal relationship or favorable family environment are more likely to be the Easy type.
Anxiety ; Birth Order ; Child Care ; Child Development ; Child* ; Classification ; Friends ; Humans ; Milk ; Mothers ; Parents ; Parturition ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Siblings ; Temperament*

Maxillary and mandibular anterior dental arches often have the problems of occlusal relation and esthetics by malformations of teeth, congenital missing, et al. Though the clinician usually use the anterior ratio to overcome this problems, he has the limitation of a direct application this ratio to the prediction of anterior occlusal relationship by the change of anterior ratio as dental arch form, intercanine width, segment depth and arch perimeter. So this study examine maxillary and mandibular anterior dental arch forms by least square method using Korean normal occlusion models(man : 20 casts, woman : 20 casts). Maxillary and mandibular anterior dental arches of Korean normal occlusion models are curve fitted to polynomial function, beta function, hyperbolic cosine function in order. And this accuracy of curve fitting is constant regardless of man/woman and maxilla/mandible. The relationships between intercanine width, segment depth, and arch perimeter based on this curve fitted dental arch form are acquired. This relationships will give the prediction of anterior dental arch form and the information of more accurate anterior ratio according to intercanine width.
Dental Arch* ; Esthetics ; Female ; Humans ; Tooth