Rapid aging has become a global issue, resulting in a significant increase in geriatric syndrome, a multifactorial clinical condition in older individuals characterized as a unified manifestation of accumulated multiple system impairments. Frailty, a clinical state of reduced physiological reserves, is an increasingly significant public health burden. Frailty can also be considered a syndrome as it involves a decline in physiological responses to stimuli, commonly referred to as stress, resulting in reduced homeostatic maintenance. Furthermore, sarcopenia, an age-related syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is a major component of frailty. Consequently, understanding geriatric syndrome, frailty, and sarcopenia is important in older adult healthcare. Geriatric syndrome, including frailty, extends beyond the confines of traditional medicine. Geriatric syndrome is not an inevitable consequence of aging; rather, it is a condition that can be effectively mitigated through integrated care within medical and social welfare systems. Therefore, this study aimed to review geriatric syndrome and frailty, which are key factors in determining the health status of older individuals. In addition, effective methods for the prevention and management of geriatric syndrome are suggested.

Rapid aging has become a global issue, resulting in a significant increase in geriatric syndrome, a multifactorial clinical condition in older individuals characterized as a unified manifestation of accumulated multiple system impairments. Frailty, a clinical state of reduced physiological reserves, is an increasingly significant public health burden. Frailty can also be considered a syndrome as it involves a decline in physiological responses to stimuli, commonly referred to as stress, resulting in reduced homeostatic maintenance. Furthermore, sarcopenia, an age-related syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is a major component of frailty. Consequently, understanding geriatric syndrome, frailty, and sarcopenia is important in older adult healthcare. Geriatric syndrome, including frailty, extends beyond the confines of traditional medicine. Geriatric syndrome is not an inevitable consequence of aging; rather, it is a condition that can be effectively mitigated through integrated care within medical and social welfare systems. Therefore, this study aimed to review geriatric syndrome and frailty, which are key factors in determining the health status of older individuals. In addition, effective methods for the prevention and management of geriatric syndrome are suggested.

Rapid aging has become a global issue, resulting in a significant increase in geriatric syndrome, a multifactorial clinical condition in older individuals characterized as a unified manifestation of accumulated multiple system impairments. Frailty, a clinical state of reduced physiological reserves, is an increasingly significant public health burden. Frailty can also be considered a syndrome as it involves a decline in physiological responses to stimuli, commonly referred to as stress, resulting in reduced homeostatic maintenance. Furthermore, sarcopenia, an age-related syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is a major component of frailty. Consequently, understanding geriatric syndrome, frailty, and sarcopenia is important in older adult healthcare. Geriatric syndrome, including frailty, extends beyond the confines of traditional medicine. Geriatric syndrome is not an inevitable consequence of aging; rather, it is a condition that can be effectively mitigated through integrated care within medical and social welfare systems. Therefore, this study aimed to review geriatric syndrome and frailty, which are key factors in determining the health status of older individuals. In addition, effective methods for the prevention and management of geriatric syndrome are suggested.

Rapid aging has become a global issue, resulting in a significant increase in geriatric syndrome, a multifactorial clinical condition in older individuals characterized as a unified manifestation of accumulated multiple system impairments. Frailty, a clinical state of reduced physiological reserves, is an increasingly significant public health burden. Frailty can also be considered a syndrome as it involves a decline in physiological responses to stimuli, commonly referred to as stress, resulting in reduced homeostatic maintenance. Furthermore, sarcopenia, an age-related syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is a major component of frailty. Consequently, understanding geriatric syndrome, frailty, and sarcopenia is important in older adult healthcare. Geriatric syndrome, including frailty, extends beyond the confines of traditional medicine. Geriatric syndrome is not an inevitable consequence of aging; rather, it is a condition that can be effectively mitigated through integrated care within medical and social welfare systems. Therefore, this study aimed to review geriatric syndrome and frailty, which are key factors in determining the health status of older individuals. In addition, effective methods for the prevention and management of geriatric syndrome are suggested.

Background: Recent studies have indicated that hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to examine the association between sitting time and hyperuricemia in Korean adults. Methods: This study included 16,535 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum uric acid level of ≥7.0 mg/dL in men and ≥6.0 mg/dL in women. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of hyperuricemia according to sitting time were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean serum uric acid levels were significantly higher in participants with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day than those with sitting times of <5 hours/day in total participants, males, and females. The proportion of hyperuricemia was also significantly higher in participants with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day than those with sitting times of <5 hours/day in the total participants and males. Before and after adjusting for confounding variables, sitting times of ≥5 hours/day were associated with increased odds of hyperuricemia as compared with sitting times of <5 hours/day in total participants. Conclusion Our findings suggest that longer sitting time is associated with risk of hyperuricemia, and sitting time is an independent factor for hyperuricemia in Korean adults.

Background: The 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet aims to present an updated overview of obesity prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents. Methods: This study included individuals aged ≥20 years (n=16,941,423 in 2021) who underwent health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2021. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex using data from the 2010 population and housing census. For children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) (n= 884 in 2021), we used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012 to 2021), and obesity was defined by the corresponding sex- and agespecific body mass index percentile of 95th or greater based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for Children and Adolescents. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity in 2021 is 38.4% (49.2% in men and 27.8% in women), which is a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. The prevalence of obesity has increased across all age groups, particularly among those aged 20, 30, and 80 years. The prevalence of class III obesity substantially increased from 0.35% (men) and 0.42% (women) in 2012 to 1.21% and 0.97% in 2021, with 3.46- and 2.31-fold increases, respectively.This increase was particularly pronounced in young adults. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has surged from 9.7% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2021, with a greater increase among boys. Conclusion Our study provides information on the current status of obesity prevalence based on the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet, emphasizing the urgency of implementing timely strategies to reverse this increasing trend.

Background: The 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet aims to present an updated overview of obesity prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents. Methods: This study included individuals aged ≥20 years (n=16,941,423 in 2021) who underwent health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2021. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex using data from the 2010 population and housing census. For children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) (n= 884 in 2021), we used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012 to 2021), and obesity was defined by the corresponding sex- and agespecific body mass index percentile of 95th or greater based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for Children and Adolescents. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity in 2021 is 38.4% (49.2% in men and 27.8% in women), which is a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. The prevalence of obesity has increased across all age groups, particularly among those aged 20, 30, and 80 years. The prevalence of class III obesity substantially increased from 0.35% (men) and 0.42% (women) in 2012 to 1.21% and 0.97% in 2021, with 3.46- and 2.31-fold increases, respectively.This increase was particularly pronounced in young adults. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has surged from 9.7% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2021, with a greater increase among boys. Conclusion Our study provides information on the current status of obesity prevalence based on the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet, emphasizing the urgency of implementing timely strategies to reverse this increasing trend.

Background: The 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet aims to present an updated overview of obesity prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents. Methods: This study included individuals aged ≥20 years (n=16,941,423 in 2021) who underwent health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2021. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex using data from the 2010 population and housing census. For children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) (n= 884 in 2021), we used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012 to 2021), and obesity was defined by the corresponding sex- and agespecific body mass index percentile of 95th or greater based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for Children and Adolescents. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity in 2021 is 38.4% (49.2% in men and 27.8% in women), which is a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. The prevalence of obesity has increased across all age groups, particularly among those aged 20, 30, and 80 years. The prevalence of class III obesity substantially increased from 0.35% (men) and 0.42% (women) in 2012 to 1.21% and 0.97% in 2021, with 3.46- and 2.31-fold increases, respectively.This increase was particularly pronounced in young adults. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has surged from 9.7% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2021, with a greater increase among boys. Conclusion Our study provides information on the current status of obesity prevalence based on the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet, emphasizing the urgency of implementing timely strategies to reverse this increasing trend.

Background: Recent evidence has reported the relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) insufficiency and chronic diseases. This study examined the association of physical activity and sitting time with vitamin D status. Methods: This study analyzed the data of 1,598 adults aged ≥19 who participated in the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of ≤20 ng/mL. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of vitamin D insufficiency according to physical activity and sitting time were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean levels of serum 25(OH)D were 16.5 ng/mL in males and 15.2 ng/mL in females, respectively and was significantly higher in the participants with sitting times of <5 hours/day than those with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day. After adjusting for confounding variables, sitting time of <5 hours/day was associated with decreased odds of vitamin D insufficiency as compared with sitting time of ≥5 hours/day in the total participants and females. In addition, the odds ratio for vitamin D insufficiency was significantly lower in the group with sitting times of <5 hours/ day than in the group with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day even among people with low physical activity in the total participants and females. Conclusion Serum 25(OH)D level was insufficient in the Korean adults and shorter sitting time was related to lower odds ratio of vitamin D insufficiency. Our findings suggest that sitting time is an independent factor of serum vitamin D status.

Background: Recent studies have indicated that vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetes and hypertension in adults. However, this association has not been sufficiently studied in cases of prediabetes and prehypertension. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D levels and prediabetes and prehypertension in Korean adults. Methods: Data from 1,808 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study. The odds ratio of prediabetes and prehypertension according to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) status was calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different among females with normal glucose levels, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus. Further, the mean levels were not significantly different in both males and females of all ages with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D levels were not significantly associated with the odds ratio of prediabetes and prehypertension after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, calcium supplement intake, income, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Conclusion Serum vitamin D status was not independently associated with the risks of prediabetes and prehypertension in Korean adults.