Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a new promising medical imaging technology available for diagnosing and assessing various pathologies. PAI complements existing imaging modalities by providing information not currently available for diagnosing, e.g., oxygenation level of the underlying tissue. Currently, researchers are translating PAI from benchside to bedside to make unique clinical advantages of PAI available for patient care. The requirements for a successful clinical PAI system are; deeper imaging depth, wider field of view, and faster scan time than the laboratory-level PAI systems. Currently, many research groups and companies are developing novel technologies for data acquisition/signal processing systems, detector geometry, and an acoustic sensor. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art clinical PAI systems with three types of the imaging transducers: linear array transducer, curved linear array transducer, and volumetric array transducer. We will also discuss the limitations of the current PAI systems and describe latest techniques being developed to address these for further enhancing the image quality of PAI for successful clinical translation.
Acoustics ; Complement System Proteins ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Oxygen ; Pathology ; Patient Care ; Transducers ; Translating

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare form of cerebrovascular attack and its predisposing factors commonly co-exist. In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, various side effects of COVID-19 vaccine have been reported, and CVT is one of the well-known types. It is usually explained as prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia by an antibody binding to platelet factor 4 receptor. However, some cases are irrelevant to thrombocytopenia and calls for a new explanation. Here we report a case of CVT without thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination.

Aggrecans ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Regeneration ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Collagen ; Dental Implants ; Durapatite ; Electrons ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Gene Expression ; Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Osteocalcin ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Titanium