This literature review was conducted to investigate the association between emotional labor and burnout and to explore the role of personality in this relationship. The results of this review indicate that emotional labor is a job stressor that leads to burnout. Further examination of personality traits, such as self-efficacy and type A behavior pattern, is needed to understand the relationships between emotional labor and health outcomes, such as burnout, psychological distress, and depression. The results also emphasized the importance of stress management programs to reduce the adverse outcomes of emotional labor, as well as coping repertories to strengthen the personal potential suitable to organizational goals. Moreover, enhancing employees' capacities and competence and encouraging a positive personality through behavior modification are also necessary.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; *Burnout, Professional ; Depression/psychology ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Occupational Stress ; *Personality ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: The use of autogenous cartilage has the problem of donor site morbidity and limited supply in reconstructive surgery. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to increase the size and the volume of the autogenous small cartilage by the new three dimensional culture technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chondrocytes from biopsied human septal cartilage were subcultured. The increased cells were encapsulated with calcium alginate and were injected to the subcutaneous tissue of the athymic nude mouse for in vivo 3-dimensional culture. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of the injection, the implanted subcutaneous nodule was seemed to be the natural cartilage and the histoarchtectures revealed characteristics of the hyaline cartilage. CONCLUSION: This results suggest that the small biopsied cartilage can be expanded by the techniques of subculture and the 3-dimensional culture., and can potentially overcome the limited availability of autogenous donor cartilage.
Animals ; Calcium ; Cartilage* ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Chondrocytes* ; Culture Techniques ; Humans* ; Hyaline Cartilage ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Tissue Donors

Background: The current lack of the number of nurses and high nurse turnover rate leads to major problems for the health-care system in terms of cost, patient care ability, and quality of care. Theoretically, burnout may help link emotional labor with turnover intention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of burnout in the association between emotional labor and turnover intention in Korean clinical nurses. Methods: Using data collected from a sample of 606 nurses from six Korean hospitals, we conducted a multiple regression analysis to determine the relationships among clinical nurses' emotional labor, burnout, and turnover intention, looking at burnout as a mediator. Results: The results fully and partially support the mediating role of burnout in the relationship between the subfactors of emotional labor and turnover intention. In particular, burnout partially mediated the relationship between emotional disharmony and hurt, organizational surveillance and monitoring, and lack of a supportive and protective system in the organization. In addition, we found that burnout has a significant full mediation effect on the relationship between overload and conflicts in customer service and turnover intention. Although the mediating effect of burnout was significantly associated with the demands and regulation of emotions, no significant effects on turnover intention were found. Conclusion To reduce nurses' turnover, we recommend developing strategies that target both burnout and emotional labor, given that burnout fully and partially mediated the effects of emotional labor on turnover intention, and emotional labor was directly associated with turnover intention.

Purpose: Pharmacological inhibition of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) reduces R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) levels and restores cellular differentiation in vivo and in vitro. The IDH2 inhibitor enasidenib (AG-221) has been approved by the FDA as a first-in-class inhibitor for the treatment of relapsed or refractory (R/R) IDH2-mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study,the effects of a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and AG-221 on AML cell differentiation was explored, along with the mechanisms employed by IDH2-mutant cells in AML. Materials and Methods: We treated the human AML cell line, IDH2-mutant-TF-1, and primary human AML cells carrying IDH2 mutation with 30 μM AG-221 and 100 nM ATRA, alone or in combination. Results: Combined treatment with AG-221 and ATRA inhibited 2-HG production and resulted in synergistic effects on differentiation among IDH2-mutant AML cells and primary AML cells expressing IDH2 mutation. Combined treatment with AG-221 and ATRA altered autophagic activity. AG-221 and ATRA treatment-induced differentiation of IDH2-mutant AML cells was associated with autophagy induction, without suppressing autophagy flux at maturation and degradation stages. A RAF-1/MEK/ERK pathway was founded to be associated with AG-221 and ATRA-induced differentiation in IDH2-mutant AML cells. IDH-associated changes in histone methylation markers decreased after AG-221 and ATRA combination treatment. Conclusion Our preliminary evidence indicates that the addition of ATRA to treatments with IDH2 inhibitor may lead to further improvements or increases in response rates in IDH2-mutant AML patients who do not appear to benefit from treatments with IDH2 inhibitor alone.

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the combined effects of organizational climate (OC) with emotional labor (EL) on turnover intention in Korean firefighters. Methods: The data were obtained from the study Firefighters Research: Enhancement of Safety and Health. A total of 4,860 firefighters whose main duty was providing “emergency medical aid” were included. To examine the effects of OC on the relationships between five subscales of EL and turnover intention, four groups were created using various combinations of OC (“good” vs. “bad”) and EL (“normal” vs. “risk”): (1) “good” and “normal” (Group I), (2) “bad” and “normal” (Group II), (3) “good” and “risk” (Group III), and (4) “bad” and “risk” (Group IV). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the risk of turnover intention for the combinations of OC and EL. Results: The results showed turnover intention was significantly higher in the group with “bad” OC (17.7%) than in that with “good” OC (7.6%). Combined effects of OC and EL on turnover intention were found in all five subscales with the exception of Group I for emotional demands and regulation. Groups II, III, and IV were more likely to experience risks of turnover intention than Group I (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions A positive and cooperative OC plays a role in decreasing the risk of turnover intention and in attenuating the negative effects of EL on turnover intention in firefighters.

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the combined effects of organizational climate (OC) with emotional labor (EL) on turnover intention in Korean firefighters. Methods: The data were obtained from the study Firefighters Research: Enhancement of Safety and Health. A total of 4,860 firefighters whose main duty was providing “emergency medical aid” were included. To examine the effects of OC on the relationships between five subscales of EL and turnover intention, four groups were created using various combinations of OC (“good” vs. “bad”) and EL (“normal” vs. “risk”): (1) “good” and “normal” (Group I), (2) “bad” and “normal” (Group II), (3) “good” and “risk” (Group III), and (4) “bad” and “risk” (Group IV). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the risk of turnover intention for the combinations of OC and EL. Results: The results showed turnover intention was significantly higher in the group with “bad” OC (17.7%) than in that with “good” OC (7.6%). Combined effects of OC and EL on turnover intention were found in all five subscales with the exception of Group I for emotional demands and regulation. Groups II, III, and IV were more likely to experience risks of turnover intention than Group I (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions A positive and cooperative OC plays a role in decreasing the risk of turnover intention and in attenuating the negative effects of EL on turnover intention in firefighters.

Background: This study investigated the relationship between trauma exposure and suicidal ideation. Moreover, this study examines the moderating roles of organizational climate on the association between trauma exposure and suicidal ideation in Korean male firefighters. Methods: A total of 15,104 male firefighters who completed a questionnaire were analyzed. The data were obtained using an online self-administered questionnaire from the Firefighter Research on Enhancement of Safety and Health Study. Poisson regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of trauma exposure on suicidal ideation and the moderating effect of organizational climate. Results: The results showed that 389 firefighters (2.6%) responded that they had experienced suicidal ideation. In the final model, trauma exposure was positively related to suicidal ideation (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.076; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.051–1.103), and organizational climate was negatively associated with suicidal ideation (aRR, 0.772; 95% CI: 0.739–0.806). Additionally, the interaction term (trauma exposure × organizational climate) was related to suicidal ideation (aRR, 1.016; 95% CI: 1.009–1.023). Conclusions This study suggests that trauma exposure might play a significant role in developing suicidal ideation and that positive organizational climate moderates the negative effects of trauma exposure on suicidal ideation among firefighters. It is necessary to perform a follow-up study of various intervention strategies to maintain a healthy organizational climate or work environment. Such interventions should promote lasting trust within teams, provide social support and belonging, and nurture job value.

PURPOSE: This study was purposed to survey pain, efficacy, and comfort during the first stage of labor and to identify correlations among them. METHOD: The subjects were 116 laboring women who were admitted to a baby-friendly hospital recommended by UNICEF for breast feeding. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire composed of labor pain, labor efficacy, and labor comfort with 10 cm visual analog scale respectively. The data were analyzed by frequency, Pearson's correlation, and ANOVA. RESULT: Labor pain, labor efficacy, and labor comfort in latent phase were positive correlation with them in active phase. The more pain, the less labor efficacy and the less comfort in latent phase. and the more pain, the less comfort in active phase. Labor efficacy was positively correlated with labor comfort in both phase. Lastly, women supported by their husbands had significantly higher labor pain than women supported by their mothers. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that nurses develop a labor efficacy program for pregnant women and their mothers or spouses.
Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Labor Pain ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spouses ; United Nations ; Visual Analog Scale

The survey was conducted to look out the characteristics of menstruation and it's management, menstrual attitudes and degree of dysmenorrhea in the adult women. The subjects were 601 women, aged 20 year old and over, selected by convenient sampling. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of the subjects was 29.1 years, the subjects were consisted of 346 unmarried and 304 delivery experienced person. 2.The characteristics of menstruation were as follows; irregular 167 person(27.8%), painful 451 person(75%), mean score of pain was 5.9 point and first day was most severe(45.1%). On the while, they have used the method to manage the pain such as "endure 50.8%", "to have a medicine 31.5%". 3.Menstrual attitudes were as follows; attitudes was negative such as it was meaningful as a woman (78.9%), only for birth a baby (51.6%), and menstruation was acceptable (42.9%), hope to get away(28.8%). 4.The degree of dysmenorrhea was a significant difference by age(F=4.0, P<0.01). Especially, in the subcategory, it was significant except for water retension. That is, lower concentration(F=2.60, p<0.05), negative affect(F=3.09, p<0.05), behavior change (F=6.41, p<0.050), pain(F=3.89, p<0.01), autonomic nerve response(F=2.80, p<0.05). We can conclude there were many women to have negative attitudes to menstruation and first day was most severe dysmenorrhea and it was different by age. From this results, we may suggest as follows; 1. We suggest the program for women to have a positive attitudes will be developed. 2. We can suggest that we need to develop the active and effective method to control dysmenorrhea in the first day during menstruation.
Adult* ; Autonomic Pathways ; Dysmenorrhea* ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Parturition ; Single Person ; Water ; Young Adult

Background: To overcome the limitations of relying on data from a single institution, many researchers have studied data linkage methodologies. Data linkage includes errors owing to legal issues surrounding personal information and technical issues related to data processing. Linkage errors affect selection bias, and external and internal validity. Therefore, quality verification for each connection method with adherence to personal information protection is an important issue. This study evaluated the linkage quality of linked data and analyzed the potential bias resulting from linkage errors. Methods: This study analyzed claims data submitted to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA DATA). The linkage errors of the two deterministic linkage methods were evaluated based on the use of the match key. The first deterministic linkage uses a unique identification number, and the second deterministic linkage uses the name, gender, and date of birth as a set of partial identifiers. The linkage error included in this deterministic linkage method was compared with the absolute standardized difference (ASD) of Cohen’s according to the baseline characteristics, and the linkage quality was evaluated through the following indicators: linked rate, false match rate, missed match rate, positive predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score. Results: For the deterministic linkage method that used the name, gender, and date of birth as a set of partial identifiers, the true match rate was 83.5 and the missed match rate was 16.5.Although there was bias in some characteristics of the data, most of the ASD values were less than 0.1, with no case greater than 0.5. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether linked data constructed with deterministic linkages have substantial differences. Conclusion This study confirms the possibility of building health and medical data at the national level as the first data linkage quality verification study using big data from the HIRA. Analyzing the quality of linkages is crucial for comprehending linkage errors and generating reliable analytical outcomes. Linkers should increase the reliability of linked data by providing linkage error-related information to researchers. The results of this study will serve as reference data to increase the reliability of multicenter data linkage studies.