OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to observe recent changes in adolescents' dietary behavior and indirectly evaluate the effects of the government's nutritional policies in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed the secular trends in seven dietary behaviors using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data from 2005 to 2009. Through literature review, we included the policies implemented for the improvement of adolescents'dietary behaviors during the same periods. RESULTS: The significant linear trends were observed in all dietary behaviors (p<0.05). Overall, all behaviors except the fruit intake rate were desirably changed during five years but undesirable changes were observed between 2008 and 2009 in all behaviors. Within those periods, several policies were implemented including 'Ban on carbonated-beverages in school', 'Green Food Zone', etc. Despite confirmed evidence of their effects, the policies on individual behavior such as nutrition education didn't influence the prevalence of dietary behaviors because they were conducted to too limited persons. Polices on the school environmental improvement, such as ban on carbonated beverage in school, were more effective because they decreased the exposure of undesirable food environment. However, for effect of Green Food Zone improving community environment we couldn't come to a conclusion because of too short period after full implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Among government nutrition policies conducted from 2005 to 2009, those on environmental improvement, especially in school, were more effective than those on individual behavior. Therefore, the development and implement of policies on school environmental improvement are needed in Korea.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Behavior ; *Environmental Policy ; Female ; *Food Habits ; *Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Male ; *Nutrition Policy

No abstract available.
Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers* ; Photography* ; Retinaldehyde*

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) 0.002% in Korean patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 306 patients diagnosed with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, who were administered OMDI 0.002% from May 2021 to June 2022. The primary outcomes were the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) at months 1, 3, and 6 compared to the baseline IOP, and the reactions to the OMDI drug. Results: Out of 235 patients who met the study inclusion criteria, the mean IOP was 16.5 ± 3.4 mmHg at baseline, 14.5 ± 3.0 mmHg at month 1, 14.3 ± 2.7 mmHg at month 3, and 14.7 ± 3.1 mmHg at month 6. The mean IOP reduction at month 6 was -1.6 ± 2.8 mmHg (p < 0.001). On analyzing the IOP by types of glaucoma, the mean IOP change at the 6-month point showed statistically significant results in all types, including normal tension glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, and ocular hypertension (p < 0.05). The frequency of side effects in all patients was 29.8%, with the most commonly reported adverse drug reaction being hyperemia in 18.7% of the total patients. There was one case (0.4%) of uveitis after OMDI administration, but no other systemic adverse drug reactions were reported. Conclusions Omidenepag isopropyl demonstrated a statistically significant IOP-lowering effect in Korean patients with various types of glaucoma. This suggests that OMDI could potentially serve as a first-line treatment for glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody on the survival of retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-5 cells differentiated with staurosporine under oxidative stress. METHODS: We used real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot to confirm the expression of VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2 in RGC-5 cells differentiated with staurosporine for 6 hours. The differentiated RGC-5 cells were treated with 800 µM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for 24 hours to induce oxidative stress. Then, the survival rate of RGC-5 was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase assay at each concentration (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg) using bevacizumab as the anti-VEGF antibody. The expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: VEGF, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 were all expressed in differentiated RGC-5 cells. When RGC-5 cells were simultaneously treated with bevacizumab and 800 µM H₂O₂, survival of RGC-5 decreased with bevacizumab concentration. VEGF expression in RGC-5 cells increased with increasing concentration of bevacizumab. Similar patterns were observed for VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, but the degree of increase was smaller than that for VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: When bevacizumab was administered to differentiated RGC-5 cells, the cell damage caused by oxidative stress increased. Therefore, given these in vitro study results, caution should be exercised with bevacizumab treatment.
Bevacizumab ; Blotting, Western ; Endothelial Growth Factors* ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; In Vitro Techniques ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Oxidative Stress ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; Retinal Ganglion Cells* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Staurosporine ; Survival Rate ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2

Calcification most frequently occurs in the rotator cuff insertion of the shoulder. However, calcification is known to develop in any joint, including the hip, knee, wrist and elbow. Around the knee joint, it usually occurs in the areas such as the quadriceps femoris muscle, the popliteus muscle and the medial collateral ligament with a history of trauma. But the occurrence of calcification in the lateral collateral ligament is very rare. We herein report on one case of the calcification that developed in the lateral collateral ligament, and this was treated by excision of the calcified materials and repair of the ligament. We also present the magnetic resonance imaging findings of this case.
Collateral Ligaments ; Elbow ; Hip ; Joints ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscles ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Rotator Cuff ; Shoulder ; Wrist

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic abilities of swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) [Deep Range Imaging OCT-1 (DRI-OCT)] and spectral-domain OCT (Cirrus HD-OCT) for glaucoma in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study involved measuring peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (PP-RNFL) thickness, full macular thickness, and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness on two different OCT systems. We used three-dimensional optic disc scanning of DRI-OCT and included 12 clock-hour sectors for measurement of the PP-RNFL. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated and compared to determine how well each system could distinguish control and glaucomatous patients. RESULTS: Ninety-one healthy and 58 glaucomatous eyes were included. Both systems could clearly distinguish between control eyes and eyes with moderate to severe glaucoma. Among all sectors, the AUC values of areas associated with glaucoma were >0.7 for both OCTs. The PP-RNFL sector of highest AUC value on both OCTs was the inferior sector of the clock-hour map (0.968 and 0.959 in DRI-OCT and Cirrus HD-OCT, respectively). Among macular thickness sectors, AUC values were highest on both OCTs for the outer inferior sector (0.859 and 0.853 in DRI-OCT and Cirrus HD-OCT, respectively). The GC-IPL also provided high diagnostic values (DRI-OCT and Cirrus HD-OCT were the best in the average and inferior sectors, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although the two OCT systems provided different thickness measurements, DRI-OCT exhibited as good, if not better, diagnostic ability for glaucoma as Cirrus HD-OCT in Korean adults.
Adult ; Area Under Curve ; Ganglion Cysts ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT) in patients taking oral corticosteroids for extended periods, and to aid in managing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with these risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 690 patients who visited a tertiary referral hospital and had been using oral corticosteroids for more than six months. Patients' demographics, tonometry results, drug type, dosage, duration, ophthalmic history, and the use of glaucoma eye drops were analyzed to determine the risk factors associated with glaucoma or OHT. Results: In a generalized linear model analysis comparing patients' eyes diagnosed with glaucoma or ocular hypertension to those without such diagnoses, no statistical difference was observed between the two groups in terms of drug type, age, and duration of oral corticosteroid use. However, the dosage was found to be statistically significant (odds ratio 1.09, p = 0.0294). Conclusions No difference in the incidence of glaucoma or OHT was found based on the type of oral steroid, age, or duration of use. However, a higher incidence of glaucoma and OHT was observed among patients taking higher doses of oral steroids. Therefore, it is suggested that using lower doses of oral steroids may be more beneficial for managing IOP.

Stroke is the most common cause of death as single-diseases in South Korea. And it generates additional medical cost through high incidence of related disabilities and complications, which would become more important with the rapid aging process in Korean society. This study was preformed to identify stroke patients' mortality and its associated factors. Patients diagnosed as stroke (ICD-10 code I60-I63) in 2003 were identified. Their follow-up mortality rate in 5 years and related factors (stroke type, sex, age, type of first admission hospital, comorbidity score) were analyzed using national health insurance claim data and national cause of death statistics. The mortality rate peaked in early days after attack, and decreased subsequently as the survive time gets longer. The mortality rate was higher in hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke, in female than male, with the older age, and with the higher comorbidity score. It is recommended that the early intervention at general hospital or tertiary referral hospital should be promoted to decrease the mortality rate in stroke patients, and related quality assurance programs have to be enforced.
Aging ; Cause of Death ; Comorbidity ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; National Health Programs ; Republic of Korea ; Stroke ; Tertiary Care Centers

OBJECTIVES: In diabetics the disturbance of circardian variation of blood pressure and heart rate has been supposed to be related to diabetic autonomic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. We performed this study to evaluate the circardian variation of blood pressure and heart rate and the difference of affecting factors between normoalbuminuric patients and microalbuminuric patients. METHODS: We studied 50normotensive NIDDM patients without overt nephropathy, divided two grooups, which are normoalbuminuric patients(D1 group) and microalhuminuric patients(D2 group), according to the urinary albumine excretion rate(AER) on 24-h urine collection. We simultaneosly measured 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate by using of ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). RESULTS: 1) In group Kb, 24-h systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher than in C(normal control group) and D1 2) 24-h heart rate values did not significantly differ between the groups, but night heart was significantly elevated in group D2 than C and D1. 3) The night/day ratio of SBP(systolic blood pressure) and HR(heart rate) was significantly higher in D2 than C and D1, but the night/day ratio of DBP(diastolic blood pressure) was significantly higher in D2 compaired with C only. 4) The night/day ratio of SBP correlated significantly with duration of diabetes, log of AER, HDL, HbAlc and 24-h DBP. The determinants selected in a multiple stepwise regression were duration of diabetes and HbAlc. 5) The night/day ratio of DBP was related to duration of diabetes, log of AER, 24-h DBP and night HR. The determinants selected in a multiple stepwise regression were duration of diabetes and 24-h DBP. 6) The night/day ratio of HB was related to neuropathy, 1/creatinine, HDL, night SBP, duration of diabetes and log of AER. The determinants selected in a multiple stepwise regression were neruopathy and night SBP. CONCLUSION: In this study, the normal circardian variation of blood pressure was disturbed in a group of micoralbuminuric patients. But it seems that AER was not a principle independent factor and circardian variation of blood pressure and heart rate were affected by different several factors identified in this study. The nocturnal heart rate was significantly elevated in microalbuminuric group, suggesting the possibility of the presence of parasympathetic neuropathy which is supposed to be related with sudden cardiac death. So it is thought that blunted circardian variation of blood pressure and heart rate can be a prognostic indicator and further prospective study is necessary.
Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory ; Blood Pressure Monitors ; Blood Pressure* ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Urine Specimen Collection

BACKGROUND: As the result of renal transplantation improving, also increasing the number of graft failure which will be a candidate for second renal transplantation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors that influence the survival of retransplanted kidney. METHODS: Among 775 renal transplantations that have been performed in Dongsan Medical Center until August 2007, 225 cases were failed their graft function and 59 of them were retransplanted during their follow up period. Graft survival of retransplanted kidney was compared with primary renal transplantation and factors that affecting the survival of kidney retransplantation were evaluated. RESULTS: Main causes of graft failure of first kidney transplantation were chronic rejection, followed by recurrence of original disease of recipient and acute vascular rejection. Mean survival time was 72.6 months (15 days~161 months). One and 5 years graft survivals were 94.6%, 90.7%, and patient survivals were 100.0%, 97.8%, respectively. Among the factors which showed significance in univariate analysis, short interval between failure of first transplantation and retransplantation, and graft failure due to chronic rejection were statistically significant unfavorable factors for survival of retransplanted kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney retransplantation showed similar graft and patient survival compare to the first one. However, retransplantation should be performed after enough time after graft failure and should be cautious in a patient who lost their graft due to chronic rejection.
Follow-Up Studies ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation ; Recurrence ; Rejection (Psychology) ; Survival Rate ; Transplants