Background: This study aimed to analyze the current trends and predict the epidemiologic features of hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers according to the Korea Central Cancer Registry to provide insights into health policy. Methods: Incidence data from 1999 to 2017 and mortality data from 2002 to 2018 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database and Statistics Korea, respectively. The future incidence rate from 2018 to 2040 and mortality rate from 2019 to 2040 of each HBP cancer were predicted using an age-period-cohort model. All analyses, including incidence and mortality, were stratified by sex. Results: From 1999 to 2017, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of HBP cancers per 100,000 population had changed (liver, 25.8 to 13.5; gallbladder [GB], 2.9 to 2.6;bile ducts, 5.1 to 5.9; ampulla of Vater [AoV], 0.9 to 0.9; and pancreatic, 5.6 to 7.3). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) per 100,000 population from 2002 to 2018 of each cancer had declined, excluding pancreatic cancer (5.5 to 5.6). The predicted ASIR of pancreatic cancer per 100,000 population from 2018 to 2040 increased (7.5 to 8.2), but that of other cancers decreased. Furthermore, the predicted ASMR per 100,000 population from 2019 to 2040 decreased in all types of cancers: liver (6.5 to 3.2), GB (1.4 to 0.9), bile ducts (4.3 to 2.9), AoV (0.3 to 0.2), and pancreas (5.4 to 4.7). However, in terms of sex, the predicted ASMR of pancreatic cancer per 100,000 population in females increased (3.8 to 4.9). Conclusion The annual incidence and mortality cases of HBP cancers are generally predicted to increase. Especially, pancreatic cancer has an increasing incidence and will be the leading cause of cancer-related death among HBP cancers.

Purpose: Hospital-based clinical studies have limitations in holistic assessment of cancer treatment and prognosis, as they omit out-of-hospital patients including elderly individuals. This study aimed to investigate trends in initial treatment and corresponding prognosis of patients with exocrine pancreatic cancer (EPC) in Korea. Materials and Methods: The Korea Central Cancer Registry data of patients with EPC from 2006 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. We defined the first course of treatment (FT) as the cancer-directed treatment administered within four months after cancer diagnosis according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Results: Among 62,209 patients with EPC, localized and regional (LR) SEER stage; patients over 70 years old; and ductal adenocarcinoma excluding cystic or mucinous (DAC) accounted for 40.6%, 50.1%, and 95.9%, respectively. “No active treatment” (NT, 46.5%) was the most frequent, followed by non-surgical FT (28.7%) and surgical FT (22.0%). Among 25,198 patients with LR EPC, surgical FT increased (35.9% to 46.3%) and NT decreased (45.0% to 29.5%) from 2006 to 2017. The rate of surgical FT was inversely related to age (55.1% [< 70 years], 37.3% [70-79 years], 10.9% [≥ 80 years]). Five-year relative survival rates of LR DAC were higher after surgical FT than after NT in localized (46.1% vs. 12.9%) and regional stage (23.6% vs. 4.9%) from 2012 to 2017. Conclusion Less than half of overall patients with LR EPC underwent surgical FT, and this proportion decreased significantly in elderly individuals. Clinicians should focus attention on elderly patients with EPC to provide appropriate medical advice.

목적: 이 연구는 2019학년도 역학조사관 입문교육 과정에 참여한 29명의 수습과정생에게 참여형 자기주도 학습 역학조사관 연수 프로그램(FETP)의 효과와 만족도 등 역량 변화를 분석해 그 결과를 향후 과정 개발의 참고 자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 방법: 교육 프로그램의 만족도와 교육 후 모듈에 대한 역량 변화를 평가하는 연구가 수행되었다. 만족도와 역량의 차이 비교는 크루스칼 왈리스 검정(Kruskal-Wallis test)를 실시하였고, 역량의 차이는 윌콕슨 부호순위검정(Wilcoxon signed rank test)에 의해 이루어 졌다. 결과: 2019년 FETP에 참여한 역학조사관 중 여성은 48.3% 였으며, 40세 미만은 9.4% 였다. 역학조사관 입문교육과정 모듈(역학조사, 보건통계 및 정보통계, 감염병 국가 체계, 감염병 질환 감시 체계, 진단 및 실험실 검사, 생물 안전 및 관리, 주요 감염성질환 관리와 조사, 커뮤니케이션, 협동과 리더십, 일반과정)별 만족도는 실무적 도움, 전문성, 기능, 태도 등에서 4점(5점 만점)을 초과하였고, 전체 4.2±0.21(5점 만점)점으로 높은 수준이였다, 모듈의 교육훈련 전후 평균 점수는 2.25±0.91, 3.68±0.63점 등으로 유의한 향상이 있었으며, 모든 모듈 및 하위 주제들도 유의한 향상이 있었다(p<0.001). 그 중에서 현장역학조사 경험이 가장 높은 변화가 있었고, 표본 수집과 실무가 가장 낮은 역량 변화가 있었다. 결론: 2019년 진행된 입문교육 과정은 수료 후 학생들의 역량은 개선되었고, 만족도는 높은 편이었다. 참여형 자기주도학습의 촉진은 역량을 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라 보건 종사자들의 자신감을 높일 수 있었다.

Purpose: Despite curative resection, the 5-year survival for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer is less than 20%. Recurrence occurs both locally and at distant sites and effective multimodality adjuvant treatment is needed. Materials and Methods: Patients with curatively resected stage IB-IIB pancreatic adenocarcinoma were eligible. Treatment consisted of chemotherapy with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for two cycles, followed by chemoradiotherapy (50.4 Gy/28 fx) with weekly gemcitabine (300 mg/m2/wk), and then gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks for four cycles. The primary endpoint was 1-year disease-free survival rate. The secondary endpoints were disease-free survival, overall survival, and safety. Results: Seventy-four patients were enrolled. One-year disease-free survival rate was 57.9%. Median disease-free and overall survival were 15.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.6 to 18.4) and 33.0 months (95% CI, 21.8 to 44.2), respectively. At the median follow-up of 32 months, 57 patients (77.0%) had recurrence including 11 patients whose recurrence was during the adjuvant treatment. Most of the recurrences were systemic (52 patients). Stage at the time of diagnosis (70.0% in IIA, 51.2% in IIB, p=0.006) were significantly related with 1-year disease-free survival rate. Toxicities were generally tolerable, with 53 events of grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity and four patients with febrile neutropenia. Conclusion Adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and maintenance gemcitabine showed efficacy and good tolerability in curatively resected pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) after distal pancreatectomy (DP) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and to identify the prognostic factors for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 62 consecutive patients who underwent curative DP followed by adjuvant CRT between 2000 and 2011. There were 31 men and 31 women, and the median age was 64 years (range, 38 to 80 years). Adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered to the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes with a median dose of 50.4 Gy (range, 40 to 55.8 Gy). All patients received concomitant chemotherapy, and 53 patients (85.5%) also received maintenance chemotherapy. The median follow-up period was 24 months. RESULTS: Forty patients (64.5%) experienced relapse. Isolated locoregional recurrence developed in 5 patients (8.1%) and distant metastasis in 35 patients (56.5%), of whom 13 had both locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis. The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 37.5 months and 15.4 months, respectively. On multivariate analysis, splenic artery (SA) invasion (p=0.0186) and resection margin (RM) involvement (p=0.0004) were identified as significant adverse prognosticators for DFS. Also, male gender (p=0.0325) and RM involvement (p=0.0007) were associated with a significantly poor OS. Grade 3 or higher hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities occurred in 22.6% and 4.8% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant CRT may improve survival after DP for pancreatic body or tail adenocarcinoma. Our results indicated that SA invasion was a significant factor predicting inferior DFS, as was RM involvement. When SA invasion is identified preoperatively, neoadjuvant treatment may be considered.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Maintenance Chemotherapy ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pancreatectomy* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Splenic Artery*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The management guidelines for cystic lesions of the pancreas (CLPs) are not yet well established. This study was performed to document the long-term clinical outcome of CLPs and provide guidelines for the management and surveillance of CLPs. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, an additional follow-up was performed in 112 patients with CLPs enrolled from 1998 to 2004 during a previous study. RESULTS: During follow-up for the median period of 72.3 months, the size of the CLPs increased in 18 patients (16.1%). Six of these patients experienced growth of their CLPs after 5 years of follow-up. Twenty-six patients underwent surgery during follow-up, and four malignant cysts were detected. The overall rate of malignant progression during follow-up was 3.6%. The presence of mural nodules or solid components was independently associated with the presence of malignant CLPs. Seven patients underwent surgery after 5 years of follow-up. The pathologic findings revealed malignancies in two patients. There was only one pancreas-related death during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of CLPs exhibit indolent behavior and are associated with a favorable prognosis. However, long-term surveillance for more than 5 years should be performed because of the potential for growth and malignant transformation in CLPs.
Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Natural History ; Pancreas ; Pancreatic Cyst ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical features of metastatic tumors of the pancreas (MTPs) in Korea. METHODS: A total of 53 cases (31 males) of pathologically proven MTPs were collected. Clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The median age at the diagnosis of the MTP was 60 years. The median interval between the diagnoses of primary malignancy and MTP was 2.2 years. Primary malignancies were renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (n=14), gastric cancer (n=11), colorectal cancer (n=5), lymphoma (n=4), non-small cell lung cancer (n=3), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n=2), melanoma (n=2), small cell lung cancer (n=2), gallbladder cancer (n=2), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=1), thymic carcinoid (n=1), liposarcoma (n=1), cholangiocarcinoma (n=1), osteosarcoma (n=1), breast cancer (n=1), duodenal cancer (n=1), and ovarian cancer (n=1). The median survival after the diagnosis of MTP was 23.1 months. Multivariate analysis showed that prolonged survival was associated with RCC as the primary malignancy, the patient being asymptomatic upon the diagnosis of MTP, the absence of extrapancreatic involvement, and surgery included in the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MTPs can occur after a prolonged period from the primary diagnosis. RCC as the primary malignancy, the patient being asymptomatic upon the diagnosis of MTP, the absence of extrapancreatic involvement, and surgery included in the treatment are associated with better prognosis.
Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoid Tumor ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Duodenal Neoplasms ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; Humans ; Liposarcoma ; Lymphoma ; Melanoma ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteosarcoma ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Pancreas ; Prognosis ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; Stomach Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancrea (IPMN) is a newly recognized category of pancreatic exocrine tumors with a favorable prognosis. We conducted this study to evaluate clinicopathological features of IPMNs and to evaluate clinical factors associated with malignant IPMNs. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 91 patients (55 males, mean age 61.6 years) who were diagnosed with IPMNs with histological confirmation from 1993 to 2004. RESULTS: Fifty-eight cases were incidentally found, whereas 33 cases were symptomatic. Pathology revealed adenoma in 19 cases, IPMN with moderate dysplasia in 50 cases, noninvasive carcinoma in 8 cases, and invasive carcinoma in 14 cases. In main duct type (n=13) and combined type IPMNs (n=5), visible mucin secretion as seen on endoscopy indicated a borderline association with malignancy; a large tumor diameter (> or =30 mm) was associated with malignancy. In branch duct type IPMNs (n=73), the presence of symptoms or signs, the presence of mural nodules, a large tumor diameter (> or =27 mm) and a larger main pancreatic duct diameter (> or =4 mm) were associated with malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: In IPMNs involving the main pancreatic duct, a large tumor diameter (> or =30 mm) is associated with malignancy. In branch duct type IPMNs, the presence of symptoms or signs, the presence of mural nodules, a large tumor diameter (> or =27 mm) and a large main pancreatic duct diameter (> or =4 mm) are associated with malignancy.
Adenoma ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Male ; Mucins* ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pathology ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Metastases to the pancreas are uncommon, and are usually a part of widespread disease. However, isolated metastatic lesions can be resected, which can lead to prolonged survival of the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of metastatic tumors of the pancreas in a Korean poulation. METHODS: We evaluated clinical features and treatment results in patients with a pathological confirmation of metastasis to the pancreas from January 1997 to June 2005. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included in the study. Nineteen patients were male. The mean age at the diagnosis of the metastasis was 58.2 years. Renal cell carcinoma was the most frequent primary malignancy (n=8), followed by gastric carcinoma (n=5), colorectal carcinoma (n=2), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=1), lymphoma (n=1), thymic carcinoid (n=1), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n=1), liposarcoma (n=1), cholangiocarcinoma (n=1), osteosarcoma (n=1), small cell lung cancer (n=1), and non-small cell lung cancer (n=1). Eleven patients were asymptomatic upon diagnosis. The mean interval between the primary diagnosis and diagnosis of the metastases was 4.9 years. Fourteen patients underwent surgery with or without chemotherapy, five patients received chemotherapy, one patient received radiation therapy, and five received palliative care. The mean survival after the diagnosis of metastasis was 44.3 months. Renal cell carcinoma as the primary tumor, asymptomatic upon diagnosis of the metastasis, the interval between primary diagnosis and diagnosis of the metastases of more than 43 months, and surgery with or without chemotherapy were associated with a prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS: Metastasis to the pancreas can occur after a prolonged period from an initial diagnosis. In selected patients (e.g., renal cell carcinoma), aggressive treatment can prolong survival.
Carcinoid Tumor ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; Humans ; Liposarcoma ; Lymphoma ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteosarcoma ; Palliative Care ; Pancreas* ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a distinct entity with characteristic histologic, morphologic, and clinical features. It may be isolated or associated with Sjogren syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, or other immune-mediated disorders. Recent studies have reported the profiles of autoantibodies in autoimmune pancreatitis. Also a number of reports on single cases or small series of cases have been published. We report three cases of autoimmune pancreatitis; one case was associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, which was misdiagnosed as pancreatic cancer; the other two cases were improved with steroid therapy.
Autoantibodies ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Crohn Disease ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Pancreatitis* ; Sjogren's Syndrome