There is a variation in the range of normal occlusion, and we must fit our treatment to the needs of each patient. If the upper or lower incisors are congenitally missing, malformed, or crowded, the extraction of the incisor has some advantages over the extraction of premolars and nonextractions. The advantages are l) simple mechanics, 2) reduced treatment time, 3) less relapse tendency, and 4) fewer facial profile changes. In order to decide which incisor should be extracted, we must consider certain factors: l) discrepancies in anterior arch length, 2) anterior tooth ratio, 3) periodontal and tooth health condition, and 4) the relationship between the upper and lower midline. Diagnostic set-up can be helpful to plan the treatment and show us the post treatment result.
Bicuspid ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Incisor* ; Mechanics ; Recurrence ; Tooth

No abstract available.
Gene Expression* ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning* ; Virulence*

The congenital diverticulum of ventricle is a rare cardiac malformation arising from the left or right ventricle, the former being more common. Ventricular diverticulum is usually associated with other anomalies including intracardiac, midline thoracic, diaphragmatic and abdominal wall defect. The authors experienced a case of congenital diverticulum of left ventricle in nine month-old female infant. Left Blolock-Taussig shunt operation was done and total correction will be done later. Thereafter we presented a case with brief review of the related literatures.
Abdominal Wall ; Diverticulum* ; Female ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Infant ; Pulmonary Atresia*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Papilloma* ; Warts*

The expression of c-fos and c-jun in the brain of the rat after capsaicin treatment was investigated by in situ hybridization, dot blot hybridization and immunocytochemical methods. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats[200g] were used for this study. The first set of rats received a single subcutaneous injection of capsaicin[50mg/Kg] dissolved in 10% Tween-80 and 10% ethanol in saline. The rats were decapitated 1, 3, 5, 10, 24, 72 hours and 1 week after capsaicin treatment. The control set of rats were treated with saline instead of capsaicin. In situ hybridization and dot blot hybridization were carried out. O1igonucleotide probe complimentary to c-fos mRNA sequences were used for this study and labeling of oligonucleotides was accomplished using the DNA tailing kit. The expression of c-fos mRNA on the nucleus of neurons in in situ hybridization was observed throughout the brain, and was especially abundant in the olfactory cortex, nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, habenular nuclei, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, entopeduncular nucleus, ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and cerebellum. Compared to the control rats, c-fos mRNA were increased 24 hours after capsaicin injection and gradually decreased after 72 hours, returning to the normal control level 1 week after capsaicin injection. c-fos mRNA was detected only 1 week after capsaicin injection in the various areas of the brain. The fos protein-like immunoreactivity was initially somewhat decreased at 24 hours, but increased at 72 hours and reactions was maximally observed at 1 week after capsaicin treatment. But Jun protein immunoreactivity was not increased, on the contrary, it was even decreased both in numbers of reactive cells and immunoreactivity 1 week after capsaicin injection. From the above results, c-fos gene expression was pronounced in the nucleus concerned with pain, olfaction and taste such as VPL nucleus of the thalamus, olfactory cortex and parabrachial nucleus, in the limbic system concerned with stress and emotion such as nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, periaqueductal gray and habenular nucleus, in the structure concerned with somatic motor function such as entopeduncular nucleus and cerebellum. Also, the c-fos gene was activated by the capsaicin early in the course of effects, then the fos protein increased as a results of c-fos activation. On the other hand, c-jun did not respond to capsaicin treatment early in the course, but Jun protein decreased late in the course of capsaicin effects.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain* ; Capsaicin* ; Cerebellum ; DNA ; Entopeduncular Nucleus ; Ethanol ; Genes, fos ; Habenula ; Hand ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Limbic System ; Male ; Neurons ; Olfactory Pathways ; Oligonucleotides ; Periaqueductal Gray ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Septal Nuclei ; Smell ; Thalamus ; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei

Animal models for human chronic pain syndromes were developed and widely used for pain research. One of thsese neuropathic pain model by Kim and Chung[1992] has many advantages for operation and pain elicitation. We have examined the c-fos protein, substance P, CGRP immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn in this neuropathic model. About 50 Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. L5 and L6 spinal nerve were ligated tightly to produce neuropathic pain model. After 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 hours and 1 week of surgery, rats were anesthesized and sacrificed by perfusion through the left ventricle with saline followed by 0.1M phosphate buffer[pH 7.4] containing 3% paraformaldehyde, 3% glutaraldehyde, and 0.1% picric acid. After confirmation of the roots transected by the surgery, the L5 and L6 dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. All tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for substance P, CGRP and c-fos by using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase[PAP] method. Count the number of immunostained substance P and CGRP dorsal root ganglion cells and c-fos immunoreactive dorsal horn cells and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U test. The results are as follows. 1. The number of c-fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the superficial layer of dorsal horn were increased markedly at 2 hours after operation, gradually decreased to normal level 1 week after operation. 2. The number of c-fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the deep layer of dorsal horn were gradually increased to the peak 24 hours after operation, decreased to normal level 1 week after operation. 3. The number of substance P and CGRP immunoreactive L5 and L6 dorsal root ganglion neurons were decreased markedly at 1 week after pain model operation. In conclusion, after neuropathic pain model operation, c-fos protein were immediately expressed in the superficial layer of spinal dorsal horn, thereafter c-fos protein in the deep layer of spinal dorsal horn were expressed. CGRP and substance P immunoreactive neurons were decreased markedly 1 week after neuropathic pain model operation.
Animals ; Chronic Pain ; Ganglia, Spinal* ; Glutaral ; Heart Ventricles ; Horns* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Models, Animal ; Neuralgia ; Neurons* ; Perfusion ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases* ; Posterior Horn Cells ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Nerve Roots* ; Spinal Nerves ; Substance P

No abstract available.
Animals ; Microscopy, Electron* ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal* ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Capsaicin* ; Ganglia, Spinal* ; Rats* ; Spinal Nerve Roots*

No abstract available.
Crohn Disease*

Ten cases of VATER syndrome were reviewed to determine the type of anomalies, genitourinary anomalies, complications of treatment and prognosis. None of the four cases that were born in our hospital and six cases that were referred to us were diagnosed prenatally. Eight patients were born at full term with normal birth weight, two were premature and one showed pre-eclampsia at IUP 34 weeks.The male to female ratio was 6 to 3 with one patient having ambiguous genitalia. Tracheo-esophageal fistula was found in five patients. Three of these five patients died after the parents refused treatment, and one died the next day after birth even with treatment. Imperforate anus was observed in seven patients. Unilateral renal agenesis, crossed renal ectopia and dysplastic kidney were found in four, three (one pelvic kidney, one crossed renal ectopia with fusion, one crossed renal ectopia) and one patients, respectively. There was one hypospadias. Six of the eight patients with vertebrae anomaly survived; four of the survivors had vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and neurogenic bladder. Two of the four patients with VUR received ureteroneocystostomy then clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), sympatholytic and antibiotics. The other two patients with neurogenic bladder received clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and vesicostomy. Complications of recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and acute epididymitis occurred when descending loop colostomy was performed due to imperforate anus and urethro-rectal fistula. Separated colostomy instead of descending loop colostomy is recommended for recto-urinary fistula since infections of the upper urinary tract in such cases required ureteroneocystostomy before the correction of imperforate anus and continued antibiotic administration was needed because of the possibility of delayed wound healing and recurrent UTI. A strong will by the patient`s parents, protection of renal function through early detection of genit-ourinary anomalies and other appropriate treatments are required for the high success rate in the surgical correction of VATER syndrome.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anus, Imperforate ; Birth Weight ; Child ; Colostomy ; Cystostomy ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Epididymitis ; Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; Intermittent Urethral Catheterization ; Kidney ; Male ; Parents ; Parturition ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Prognosis ; Spine ; Survivors ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Urinary Tract ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux ; Wound Healing