PURPOSE: The purpose is to aid in the diagnosis and obstetric management by analysing the ultrasonographic findings of prenatally diagnosed Edward syndrome. METHOD: The study population consisted of 15 cases prenatally diagnosed Edward syndrome from January 1993 to January 1999. The medical charts and ultrasonographic findings were reviewed retrospectively, and especially the ultrasonographic findings before prenatal genetic diagnosis were anlyzed. RESULTS: All of the 15 cases reviewed showed at least one ultrasonographic finding suggesting Edward syndrome. In the first trimester, 2 cases revealed cystic hygroma and increased nuchal translucency, and after the second trimester, major structural anomalies including congenital heart anomalies and minor ultrasonographic findings such as choroid plexus cyst were noted. All of cases after 21 weeks of gestation showed congenital heart anomaly, and as the pregnancy progressed there was an increased tendency of intrauterine growth restriction and polyhydramnios. CONCLUSION: Prenatal ultrasonography in the screening process of Edward syndrome can be placed as a very informative method, as all of the Edward syndrome cases revealed at least one abnormal ultrasonographic findings. As congenital heart anomalies were found in all of the cases after 21 weeks of gestation, fetal echocardiography should be considered in evaluating suspected cases of Edward syndrome.
Choroid Plexus ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Heart ; Humans ; Lymphangioma, Cystic ; Mass Screening ; Nuchal Translucency Measurement ; Polyhydramnios ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal

No abstract available.
Typhoid Fever*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The purpose of this paper is to collect the comparative data regarding the actions of Diamox and Neptazane in short-term and long-term administrations. This investigations were divided into three parts. (1) a single dose response in normal and glaucomatous eyes, (2) actions on aqueous flow and (3) long-term treatments in glaucomatous eyes. (I) A single dose response. Ten eyes from 10 normal subjects, ages ranging from 24 to 57 years, were chosen. They were given 500mg of Diamox or 100mg of Neptazane alternately and intra-ocular pressure was determined at regular intervals. In another series, 18 eyes from 18 glaucomatous patients were investigated in the same manner. The patients comprise 13 cases of chronic simple glaucoma and 5 cases of chronic narrow-angle glaucoma. No considerations were given as to their sex and age differences. Prior to administration of the drugs, the diurnal variations of intraocular pressure in each eye had been recorded during the daytime. The intra-ocular pressure was measured by Goldmann's applanation tonometer. (II) Actions on aqueous flow. Actions of Diamox (500mg) and Neptazane (100)mg on the aqueous flow were studied by the perilimbal suction cup method of Rosengren and Ericson in 8 normal eyes. The suction cup was applied 3 hours after Diamox and 6 hours after Neptazane administration. (III) Long-term treatments. Fifteen glaucomatous patients, 10 chronic simple glaucoma and 5 chronic narrow-angle glaucoma, were investigated. Their ages were from 43 to 61 years. The schedules of dosage were 250mg of Diamox, t.i.d. or 50mg of Neptazane, t.i.d. and followed up to 35 days. In some cases, treatment was discontinued or the doses were reduced to 250mg of Diamox, b.i.d. and 50mg of Neptazane, b.i.d., due to the side reactions. Results: (I) Results of measurements of intra-ocular pressure in normal eyes were shown in Table 1 and 2. (a) Diamox: The ocular tension begins to fall as early as 30 minutes, and maximal lowering occurred between 1~4 hours (average, 2.3 hours). Thereafter, tensions rose again and returned to the original level within 24 hours in all cases except in 2 cases. The maximal reduction was on the average 3.7mmHg. Side reactions were observed in 3 cases. (b) Neptazane: The tention begins to fall 0.5~1 hour and the maximal fan was obsered between 4~8 hours (average, 6.4 hours). The maximal degree of fall was 3.3 mmHg. The ocular pressure was still low after 24 hours in all cases except in 3 cases. No side reaction was encountered. (B) In glaucomatous eyes: Results were summarized in Table 3 and 4. (a) Diamox: Ocular tension begins to fall: 30 minutes and maximal fall was attained at 2.2 hours. The degree of maximal reduction was 13.7 mmHg. The lowered tension returned to the initial level within 24 hours in most cases. Side reactions were observed in 5 cases. (b) Neptazane: Ocular tension begins to fall 0.5~1 hour and maximum lowering was observed after 6 hours. The extent of maximal fall was 12.3 mmHg. The ocular tension was still low after 24 hours in most cases Side reactions were encountered in 3 cases. (II) Perilimbal suction cup studies revealed that both Diamox and Neptazane reduced the aqueous flow considerably as shown in table 5. (III) Results of long-term treatments were tabulated in table 6 and 7. (a) Diamox: The maximal degreess of fall in ocular tension were observed relatively early in the treatment and thereafter the tension fluctuates irregularly and showed tendencies to gradual rises. Sid effects were observed in 10 cases. Complete normalization of ocular tension, e.g., under 21 mmHg, was achieved in 8 cases. (b) Neptazane: The same tendency was observed in this group. Side reactions were encountered in 6 cases and milder than in Diamox treated group. As these results show, both Diamox and Neptazane showed a significant tension lowering effect. Neptazane is five times more powerful than Diamox in equal dosage basis. The ocular pressure falls more slowly and its duration was longer in Neptazane treated eyes. Sid reactions were observed more frequently in Diamox group and somewhat severe.
Acetazolamide ; Appointments and Schedules ; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Suction ; Sudden Infant Death

Purpose: The diagnostic usefulness of fetal echocardiography in congenital heart disease is well known. One of the indications for fetal echocardiography is presence of extracardiac anomalies and such coexistent congenital heart disease may have important implications for obstetric and neonatal management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 496 women with singleton pegnancies with amgenital anomalies that underwent penatal care and follow-up in Severance Hospital for 5 years from 1991 to 1995 were evaluated for the incidence of congenital heart disease. RESULTS: The incidence of congenital heart disease in fetuses with the associated extracardiac anomalies were as follows; central nervous system 6.9%(11/160), gastro-intestinal system 10.7%(8/75), genito-urinary sysem 4.7%(4/85), others 5.6%(4/72). Thirty-one of eighty-ane fetuses with congenital heart disease were found to have the associated extracardidac anomalies and ten of them chenoscenal abnormalities. CONCLUSION: We recommend that fetuses with congenital extracardiac anomalies sbould be checked for the presence of congenital heart disease and chmmosomal abnormalities, if needed.
Central Nervous System ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Fetus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Humans ; Incidence

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Kidney*

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Kidney*

The basic principles of the applanation tonometer and Schiotz tonometer were briefly discribed. The major improvement in the applanation tonometry is in the fact that the scleral rigidity plays no important role in the determination of the intra-ocular pressure. We have measured the intra-ocular pressure with both types of tonometer, the applanation tonometry being the first, followed by Schiotz reading with 5.5 g weight. In normal eyes, both readings gave almost identical results. In glaucomatous eyes, recently operated cataract eyes and eyes with retinal detachment successfully operated showed wide discrepancies between the values of two methods. The pressure readings with Schiotz tonometer were moderately lower than that with applanation tonometer, and this might cause erroneous conclusion regarding the real status of the intra-ocular pressure in such eyes. Advantages and disadvantages of the applanation tonometery were discussed.
Cataract ; Manometry ; Reading ; Retinal Detachment

PURPOSE: Micropapillary carcinoma in breast cancer was first described by Petersen in 1993, after which other reports from all over the world described their characteristics. In Korea, this type of carcinoma was first described in 1996. The purpose of our study was to find the clinicopathological characteristics of micropapillary carcinomas from our experiences and to compare the results with those of other studies. METHODS: We analyzed 19 patients, from Dec. 1999 to Dec. 2002, diagnosed with micropapillary carcinomas from postoperative pathological reports retrospectively, compared with 939 patients diagnosed with infiltrating duct carcinoma in the same period. RESULTS: The mean age and tumor size were 46.8 years (range 32~73) and 3.75cm (range 0.5~10.0), respectively. Micropapillary carcinoma showed the larger size (P=0.032) and more frequent rates of lymphovascular invasion (P= 0.007) and metastasis to axillary lymph nodes (P=0.003) than infiltrating duct carcinoma. But, in the T stage-matched analysis, the rates of axillary lymph node metastasis in micropapillary carcinoma and infiltrating duct carcinoma showed no significant differences (T1, T2, T3 : P=0.072, P= 0.080, P=0.575 ). Only in T2 stage, rates of lymphovascular invasion showed more frequent significantly in micropapillary carcinoma (P=0.012). Age, nuclear and histological grades showed no significant differences. The positive expressions of estrogen and progesterone receptors were more frequent in micropapillary carcinoma compared with infiltrating duct carcinoma, while the expressions of the C-erb-B2, p53, Ki-67 and bcl-2 showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: The micropapillary carcinomas showed more frequent lymphovascular invasion and positive expressions of the estrogen and progesterone receptors in their immunohistochemistry.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Retrospective Studies