BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transfection of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome requires the cloning of tandem HBV sequences inserted into a plasmid vector, which is usually screened for by the restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid minipreparation from at least a dozen of bacterial colonies. The aim of this study was to develop a simple alternative screening method for bacterial colonies harbouring tandem HBV sequences by a PCR. METHODS: A set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer was designed to detect the bacterial colonies harbouring "head to tail" dimeric HBV DNA. PCR which amplifies the head to tail junction site of two tandem HBV molecules was performed. RESULTS: PCR products with appropriate size (1.2kb) were obtained. The accurate detection by PCR screening technique was confirmed by enzyme digestion. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PCR screening technique is a simple and rapid method for the identification of bacterial colonies containing tandem HBV sequences.
Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; Digestion ; DNA ; Genome ; Head ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans* ; Mass Screening* ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Transfection

No abstract available.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Naloxone* ; Self-Injurious Behavior*

No abstract available.
Blood Pressure* ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Intubation* ; Lidocaine*

Catheters ; Choanal Atresia ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Hand ; Membranes ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasopharynx ; Nose ; Operative Time ; Parturition ; Rubber

Distance teaming has been the tuning point for accomplishing adult teaming in nursing education. This study was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the distance learning courseware with the RN-BSN students at Yonsei university, College of Nursing. The distance learning courseware was developed cooperatively by content experts, instructional designers. programmers and graphic designers. The course subject, 'Growth and Development' was made by a computerized instructional module using the internet. The programming developed with the virtual school developing support system of Samsung SDS based on the Web Sever and Oracle DB through the Internet. The instructional courseware was developed after taking into consideration the learners' levels of competencies and knowledge and utilized the integrate information through the multimedia, mainly via screens in the computer network. The students learned about the growth and development of infants to adolescents through the interaction with peers as well as instructors using many functional keys on the internet. The effects of learning were evaluated as their satisfaction of this distance learning courseware by 60 RN-BSN students. The student's responses have been very positive. The distance learning courseware for RN-BSN students developed at Yonsei University's Collage of Nursing is an available and interactive method used a Multimedia Instructional Design through the Internet.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Education, Distance* ; Education, Nursing ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Infant ; Internet* ; Learning ; Multimedia ; Nursing*

Inflammatory pseudotumor, originally described in the lung, is a relatively rare tumor-like lesion that occurs in various organs and tissues. It is usually well demarcated from the surrounding tissue, however it can be unfortunately resected as a malignant tumor. A few inflammtory pseudotumor in the kidney have been reported in English literature, but there have been no reports in Korea. We report a case with inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney. A 48 year old woman had an intermittent flank pain on the right side. An ultrasonographic study suggested a renal cell carcinoma and a nephrectomy was done. Grossly, there were two separate masses with a well demarcated yellowish appearance, measuring 2.3 cm and 1.3 cm in diameter, respectively. Histologically, they were composed of smooth muscle actin positive spindle cells and a large number of foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the fibrotic backgound.
Actins ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Female ; Flank Pain ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell* ; Histiocytes ; Humans ; Kidney* ; Korea ; Lung ; Lymphocytes ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth ; Nephrectomy ; Plasma Cells

Ketamine hydrochloride is a unique dissociative anesthetic agent that has been used in children for more than 20 years. Ketamine is devoid of sedation and hypnotic properties but has profound analgesic and amnesic characteristics even in low doses. It is recommended to use with benzodiazepines for the alleviation of ketamine-induced emergence reaction and with anticholinergic agent for the antisialogogue affect. We used the intramuscular ketamine, midazolam, and glycopyrrolate in thirty pediatric patients who were uncontrolled by conventional behaviour management in the OPD of Chungbuk National University Hospital Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Emergency Room. The results were as follows: 1. 20 males and 10 females were involved and the average age was 3 years(range, 19 months to 6 years). 2. The anesthetic technique was used for the following reasons: 10 for the I & D of submandibular abscess, 2 for the post operative wound care of cleft lip, and 4 for the other causes. 3. Average onset time of anesthesia was 5.1 minutes(range, 2 to 10 minutes) and average working time was 26 minutes(range, 12 to 50 minutes). 4. 24(80%) of 30 children were rated as 'Cooperative of sleeping' within an average 4.8, and the other children(20%) were rated as 'Intermittent crying or fighting'. 5. Emesis occurred during the recovery period in 2 children, but there was no airway compromise or aspiration. Other side effects were a transient rash(10%), and random movement(7%). 6. The recovery room behavior was quite and uneventful in 23(77%) children and mild agitation in 7(23%) ones.
Abscess ; Anesthesia ; Anesthetics* ; Benzodiazepines ; Child ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Cleft Lip ; Crying ; Dihydroergotamine ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Glycopyrrolate ; Humans ; Ketamine* ; Male ; Midazolam* ; Recovery Room ; Surgery, Oral ; Vomiting ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: We examined changes in the corneal curvature and recurrence rate following pterygium surgery with relation to pterygium size and morphology. METHODS: One hundred eyes with primary nasal pterygia were graded as atrophic(Group 1), intermediate (Group 2), or fleshy(Group 3) according to morphology and grouped as small area group or large area group according to an assessment of pterygium length from and along the limbus. Corneal curvature was measured with autokeratometer at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, and 6months preoperatively and postopera-tively as well. Recurrence was evaluated at the same periods. RESULTS: Each group had no significant difference(p>0.05) to preoperative corneal curvature when pterygia were divided according to morphology. Large area group had significantly smaller corneal curvature than the preoperative one(p<0.05), but small area group didn't(p>0.05). The angle of astigmatism had the tendency of against-the-rule at 3 days postoperatively(163.3degrees), more strikingly in small area group(159.1degrees). The recurrence rate was 10% totally with no significant difference among each group(p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the corneal curvature following pterygium surgery was smaller than the preoperative one and the change of angle had the tendency of against-the-rule astigmatism. Surgically induced changes in the corneal curvature and recurrence rate related to morphology had no significant difference, but preoperative corneal curvature and postoperative changes were related to pterygium size.
Astigmatism ; Pterygium* ; Recurrence*

Metastatic tumors to the oral cavity from other parts of the body are rarely reported and representing about 1-4% of all oral malignancies. The most common primary tumor site of oral metastatic tumor was the breast followed by the lung, kidney, thyroid, prostate, and colon. Oral metastasis of primary esophageal carcinoma is extremly rare and only 11 cases were reported till now. Only one case was metastased to the maxilla. We experienced a mteastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the maxilla and the scalp in a 52-year-old male patient who previously diagnosed as esophageal carcinoma and performed operation with post operative radiation therapy. We report the case with literature review.
Breast ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Colon ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lung ; Male ; Maxilla* ; Middle Aged ; Mouth ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prostate ; Scalp* ; Thyroid Gland

PURPOSE: The aim for this study was to investigate clinical manifestation of seasonal influenza A and B during the 2012 winter season in Wonju, South Korea. Their clinical and laboratorial characteristics and effect of oseltamivir were compared and analyzed. METHODS: Children under the age of 18 years who visited the Wonju Severance Christian Hospital with fever or acute respiratory symptoms and who were diagnosed with influenza A or B by rapid antigen test from nasopharyngeal swab were selected for the study. The medical records of patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Influenza A was detected in 374 patients (83.7%), and influenza B in 72 (16.6%). The incidence of influenza A was highest in February (n=186), while that of influenza B was highest in March (n=36). The most common symptoms were fever (n=434, 97.1%) and cough (n=362, 81.0%). No significant differences were observed between influenza A and B in symptoms and laboratory data. Patients who had used oseltamivir within 2 days showed statistically lower admission rate, shorter admission duration, and lower incidence of pneumonia. CONCLUSION: This study found no statistical difference between influenza A and B, in symptoms, progression, and laboratory test, but those who were treated with oseltamivir given within 2 days of the onset of fever experienced more positive outcomes.
Child ; Cough ; Fever ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Incidence ; Influenza, Human* ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Oseltamivir ; Pneumonia ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons*