The purpose of this study was to find the proper methods of school food service conducted from June 20th July 30th in 1996. The subjects of this study were 587 parents of students, 794 students and 359 school teachers at 508 middle and high schools in Seoul and Kyunggi area. And the result was as follow. A total of 48.3% of respondent answered they had breakfast regularly. The reasons why they had breakfast, were habits(34.4%) followed by hunger(28.2%), health(19.9%), parent's persuasion(17.5%). They reasons why they didn't have breakfast are, lacks of time(68.8%) followed by absence of appetite(20.5%), diet(4.5%). About the question the problem of eating habits the most of parents of students, chose an unbalanced diet(25.9%), followed by overeating of snacks(21.7%), voracious eating(18.0%), not eating meals(17.5%), eating little(10%) and overeating(6.8%). At the research of an unbalanced diet, the 63.3% of respondents said they eat evenly while the 36.7% said they had an unbalanced diet. From the research of correlativity between food service at elementary schools and eating habits, we knew that the experience of school food service had an effect on an unbalanced diet. And the students living in Seoul complained more than in Kyunggi. The question about the quality of food, 69.0% of respondents said they were not so bad. While 21.2% said not delicious at all just 9.8% of students said they were very satisfied with the taste. Interestingly, more middle school students both in Kyunggi and Seoul answered the food was delicious than high school students. About the question of the price, 49.5% of students thought appropriate(49.5%) while 44.3% said it was too high. Just 5.9% students answered cheap(5.9%). And students living in Kyunggi thought the price was high than students in Seoul. 62.9% of respondents think their refectories were clean while 22.8% think not clean. And 14.3% answered said dirty. Snack bars at school were managed by the contract with trusters(63.2%), while by the school itself(32.6%).
Breakfast ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diet ; Eating ; Food Services ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Parents ; Seoul* ; Snacks

The purpose of this study was to investigate a plan of middle/high school foodservice systems which could properly provide nutrition for juveniles' health. Questionnaires were developed and distributed to: 245 middle schools with 271 parentis, 328 students, 180 teachers, and 345 administrators; 163 high-schools with 223 parents, 466 students, 179 teachers, and 163 administrators in Seoul and Kyunggi province. The results of this study were as followed. For the desirable feeding type as in-school meal plan, 62.2% responded to the current elementary school feeing type;10.3% responded to a lunch-box prepared at home; and 38.0% responded to free dining out type. For a feeding operation type, school administrators, teachers and parents favored the current school feeding systems in elementary schools with proportion of 68.2%, 47.7%, and 87.6% as respectively. Also, 20.3% of school administrators, 22.6% of teachers, and 6.9% of parents preferred contract management. A total of 27.6% of teachers, 9.2% of school administrators, and 3.7% of parents responded to a lunch-box prepared at home. There was a significant difference between the responses for establishing the main body of financial burden to solve the problem of financial burden which could be the most obstacle to bring middle/high school feeding system into operation. For the management of school feeding systems when brought into operation, 88.7% out of 470 responded schools and 89.9% out of 227 responded teachers reported that an expert should manage school feeding systems. For futuristic direction, an effective joint cooking type between schools which may be the way to solve the difficulties in securing the appropriate space and to decrease the financial burden, the problem of transportation for delivering feeding products, low quality of feeding, and sanitation can occur. Therefore, the distance between schools which operate a joint cooking system will affect as a major factor. Furthermore, concrete examination of plans for introduction of various types of school feeding and institutional devices for management system and supervision of operation should become a condition precedent.
Administrative Personnel ; Cooking ; Fees and Charges ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Humans ; Joints ; Meals ; Organization and Administration ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sanitation ; Seoul* ; Transportation

OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed to investigate the efficiency of partial laser assisted hatching (p-LAH; lased 1/2 ZP width from ZP edge) on hatching of mouse blastocysts. METHODS: We used non-contact 1.48 micrometer diode laser (MTM, Switzland) to create a precise hole on zona pellucida. 2-cell embryos were collected from the mouse (ICR) oviduct at 48 hours after hCG administration. Collected 2-cell embryos were cultured in the P-1 medium supplemented with 0.4% BSA. For experiments, embryos at 8-cell stage were used after 20~22 hours in culture. After conventional (c-LAH) or partial laser assisted hatching, the embryos were further cultured in P-1 medium supplemented with 0.4% BSA for 3 days. To compare efficiency of complete and partial laser assisted hatching, hatching rate, hatching time and blastocyst diameter and zona pellucida thickness at hatching time were investigated. Embryos were examined every 12 hours. Blastocyst diameter and zona pellucida thickness at hatching time were measured with an ocular micrometer. RESULTS: Hatching rates of p-LAH group (84.2%) was significantly higher than that of control group (39.3%), but there was no difference between the p-LAH (84.2%) and c-LAH (91.2%). p-LAH group was hatched 12 hours earlier than control group, but hatched 12 hours later than c-LAH group. The diameter of blastocyst at hatching time of p-LAH group (113.1+/-6.4 micrometer) was smaller than that of control group (122.2+/-5.0 micrometer), but larger than that of c-LAH group (102.2+/-2.7 micrometer). Zona pellucida thickness at hatching time of p-LAH group (6.4+/-0.9 micrometer) was thicker than that of control group (4.5+/-1.5 micrometer), but thinner than that of c-LAH group (10.0+/-0.8 micrometer). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that p-LAH may maintains the cell arrangement of early embryos to ensure successful development and prevent precocious hatching of blastocyst when compare to c-LAH and conventional (acidic tyrode) AH. Thus, p-LAH may provide a valuable and effective AH technique for human ART program.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Structures* ; Humans ; Lasers, Semiconductor ; Mice* ; Oviducts ; Zona Pellucida

OBJECTIVE: This study has been carried out to evaluation the effect of fertilization promoting peptide (FPP) on the kinematic parameters, capacitation and acrosome reaction of the frozen-thawed human spermatozoa. METHODS: After FPP treatment, we examined kinematic parameters, capacitation and acrosome reaction, using the methods of computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) and chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence analysis. RESULTS: We have obtained the evidence that FPP can promote the capacitation and inhibit the spontaneous acrosome reaction of frozen-thawed human spermatozoa in vitro. Fpp (25~100 nM) induced a significant increase in the proportion of B-pattern capacitated spermatozoa, and a significant decrease in the proportion of F-pattern uncapacitated ones without significant stimulation of acrosomal exocytosis. In the kinematic parameters treatment, FPP treated groups maintained higher LIN, BCF and STR than those of control. The VAP, VSL, VCL and ALH were not different. Therefore it is suggested that FPP in human seminal plasma may play a positive role in promoting human sperm function.
Acrosome Reaction* ; Acrosome* ; Chlortetracycline ; Exocytosis ; Fertilization* ; Fluorescence ; Humans* ; Male ; Semen ; Spermatozoa*

Pulmonary vascular air embolism is a rare and, universally, almost a fatal complication of positive pressure ventilation in newborn infants. Here, we report a case of this unusual complication in a very-low-birth-weight infant who showed the clinical and radiological features of this complication along with pulmonary hypoplasia and massive hydrops. The possible pathogenesis has been discussed and a brief review of related literature has been presented.
Edema ; Embolism, Air ; Humans ; Hydrops Fetalis ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Pulmonary Embolism

PURPOSE: Acinetobacter baumannii is increasingly recognized as an important cause of nosocomial infection, especially in neonatal intensive care units. But little is known about the clinical significance and hospital epidemiology of Acinetobacter species other than A. baumannii. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of septicemia due to Acinetobacter species other than A. baumannii. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 11 cases of blood culture proven nosocomial infection which occured in our neonatal intensive care unit from 4th to 24th, February, 2004. To establish epidemiological analysis, we performed environmental cultures and an antibiogram was obtained from susceptability tests of isolated Acinetobacter species. RESULTS: Clinical manifestations including fever, poor feeding, abdominal distension, diarrhea, bloody stool passage, vomiting, tachypnea and apnea were similar to other infectious diseases. Benign clinical courses were compared with poor prognose, including a high mortality rate in septicemia due to A. baumannii. The major predisposing factor among our patients was the presence of a peripheral intravascular catheter. Antibiogram was similar, but surveillance cultures of environmental specimens failed to identify the source of infection. CONCLUSION: Acinetobacter species other than A. baumannii were often considered relatively avirulent bacteria, but could be pathologic organisms if cultured in patients with clinical symptoms.
Acinetobacter baumannii ; Acinetobacter* ; Apnea ; Bacteria ; Catheters ; Causality ; Communicable Diseases ; Cross Infection ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; Epidemiology ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Intensive Care, Neonatal* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis* ; Tachypnea ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: Enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in patients of all ages. A definite diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis can be established by detection of virus directly in CSF specimens. But this is time-consuming and lacks sensitivity, so polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detecting of viral RNA in patient specimens such as CSF, stool has been demonstrated. But little is known about the influence of sampling time on the results of CSF PCR and stool PCR. We investigated diagnostic utility of PCR of CSF and stool according to sampling time after the onset of symptoms. METHODS: PCR results were analyzed according to sampling time for 42 patients diagnosed aseptic meningits in our hospital from 11(th) January to 30(th) August, 2005. RESULTS: The diagnostic yield of the test was higher of CSF specimens obtained < or = 2 days after clinical onset(positive PCR results 9/18, 50 percent), compared with CSF collected >2 days after onset(positive PCR results 1/24, 4.2 percent)(P=0.001). Instead, positive PCR results of fecal specimens maintained highly(average 90.5 percent), 10 cases had also positive PCR results even 5-6 days after onset. 10 cases of CSF specimens had positive enterovirus PCR results containing coxsackievirus B5 (n=6), coxsackievirus B3(n=3). 38 cases of stool specimens had positive enterovirus PCR results containing echovirus 18(n=7), echovirus 9(n=3), coxsackievirus B5(n=8), coxsackievirus B3(n=3). 6 cases(coxackie B5) had positive CSF PCR and stool PCR, both. CONCLUSION: Stool PCR was clinically sensitive for detecting enterovirus during enteroviral meningits and could give a presumptive diagnosis throughout the disease course. A definite diagnosis was obtained by CSF PCR, but its utility was clearly lower for samples obtained >2 days after clinical onset. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to performance of CSF PCR, fecal samples obtained from patients with suspected enteroviral meningitis should be tested by PCR, especially when the duration of symptoms is >2 days.
Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Diagnosis ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Aseptic* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral

BACKGROUND: In cardiac surgery, hypothermia is associated with a number of major disadvantage, including its detrimental effects on enzymatic function, energy generation and cellular integrity. Warm cardioplegia with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass cause three times more incidence of permanent neurologic deficits than the cold crystalloid cardioplegia with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Interruptions or inadequate distribution of warm cardioplegia may induce anaerobic metabolism and warm ischemic injury. To avoid these problems, tepid blood cardioplegia was recently introduced. MATERIAL AND METHOD: To evaluate whether continuous tepid blood cardioplegia is beneficial in clinical practice during valvular surgery, we studied two groups of patients matched by numbers and clinical characteristics. Warm group(37degree C) consisted of 18 patients who underwent valvular surgery with continuous warm blood cardioplegia. Tepid group(32degree C) consisted of 17 patients who underwent valvular surgery with continuous tepid blood cardioplegia. RESULT: Heartbeat in 100% of the patients receiving continuous warm blood cardioplegia and 88.2% of the patients receiving continuous tepid blood cardioplegia converted to normal sinus rhythm spontaneously after removal of the aortic cross clamp. There were no differences between these two groups in CPB time, ACC time, the amount of crystalloid cardioplegia used and peak level of potassium. During the operation, the total amount of urine output was more in the warm group than the tepid group(2372+/-243 ml versus 1535+/-130 ml, p<0.01). There were no differences between the two groups in troponin T level measured 1hr and 12hrs after the operation. CONCLUSION: Continuous tepid blood cardioplegia is as safe and effective as continuous warm blood cardioplegia undergoing cardiac valve surgery in myocardial protection.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Heart Arrest ; Heart Arrest, Induced* ; Heart Valves ; Heart* ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Incidence ; Metabolism ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Potassium ; Thoracic Surgery* ; Troponin T

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the trend in functional changes over time and factors associated with the number of areas showing functional decline in older adults who had been discharged from acute care hospitals. METHODS: This longitudinal study involved 156 patients aged ≥ 65 years who were admitted to one tertiary hospital in Seoul and discharged home. Authors investigated patient demographic and health-care characteristics and the number of areas showing functional decline at 1 and 3 months after discharge. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The number of areas showing functional decline increased between admission and 1 month after discharge and had declined slightly at 3 months after discharge. The factors associated with the number of areas showing functional decline at 3 months after discharge were age, education level, and length of hospitalization (p < .05); the factors associated at 1 month after discharge were medical department and caregiver relationship (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that older patients with no spouse or those with their elderly spouse as their caregiver are at risk of functional decline in a greater number of areas after discharge. Therefore, a comprehensive health-care policy to ensure care continuity is required for functional health maintenance for older adults after hospital discharge.
Adult ; Aged ; Caregivers ; Continuity of Patient Care ; Education ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Seoul ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spouses ; Tertiary Care Centers

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of early enteral trophic feeding within 24 hours after birth compared with being started within 7 days after birth in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all ELBWIs with gestational age of 26 weeks and less, and birth weight below 1,000 g, admitted within 24 hours after birth to neonatal intensive care unit of Samsung Medical Center from January 2000 to June 2006 who were alive at the time of discharge. Data for nutritional status and morbidities were compared between Era 1 (n=76), in which early enteral trophic feeding was started within 7 days after birth and Era 2 (n=46), started within 24 hours after birth. RESULTS: Compared to era 1, despite that gestational age and enteral feeding strarting time of ELBWIs was significantly earlier (25(+4)+/-0(+6) vs. 24(+6)+/-1(+5) weeks, 4.5+/-5.1 vs. 0.7+/-1.3 days), the time to achieve full enteral feeding was significantly shorter, and the weight gain at corrected age of 36 weeks was significantly higher in era 2. Also the incidence of early and total confirmed sepsis, total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis, was lower and the duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter in era 2 compared to era 1, without differences in the incidence of NEC, moderate to severe BPD, and severe IVH (> or =Gr III) between two eras. CONCLUSION: Early enteral trophic feeding in ELBWI within 24 hours after birth was safe and beneficial.
Birth Weight* ; Cholestasis ; Enteral Nutrition ; Gestational Age ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Medical Records ; Nutritional Status ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Parturition* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Weight Gain