Traditionally, apexification has been used to treat immature permanent teeth that have lost pulp vitality. This technique promotes the formation of an apical barrier to close the open apex so that the filling materials can be confined to the root canal. Because tissue regeneration cannot be achieved with apexification, a new technique called regenerative endodontic treatment was presented recently to treat immature permanent teeth. Regenerative endodontic treatment is a treatment procedure designed to replace damaged pulp tissue with viable tissue which restores the normal function of the pulp-dentin structure. After regenerative endodontic treatment, continued root development and hard tissue deposition on the dentinal wall can occur under ideal circumstances. However, it is difficult to predict the result of regenerative endodontic treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to summarize multiple factors effects on the result of regenerative endodontic treatment in order to achieve more predictable results. In this study, we investigated the features of regenerative endodontic treatment in comparison with those of other pulp treatment procedures and analyzed the factors that have an effect on regenerative endodontic treatment.
Apexification ; Dental Pulp ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dentin ; Dentition, Permanent ; Pemetrexed ; Regeneration ; Root Canal Therapy

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials(12 chemical materials and four sets of microscopic photograph of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 796, 823, and 841 participants, in each, in the year of 2009. The response rate were 97.1% (796/820), 95.5% (823/862) and 97.1% (841/866), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly decreased as 82.3% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 83.5% (702/841) and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 83.6% to 99.1%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials (12 chemical materials and four sets of microscopic photograph of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 699, 718, and 732 participants, in each, in the year of 2008. The response rate were 95.4% (699/733), 96.6% (718/743) and 95.3% (732/767), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly decreased as 83.0% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 81.3% (571/732) and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 32.9% to 80.5%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis ; Urobilinogen

PURPOSE: We wanted to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of overactive bladder(OAB) in Korean children who were 5-13 years of age, according to the definition of OAB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted on 26 kindergartens and 27 elementary schools nationwide in Korea. There were 19,240 children; a parent was asked to complete the questionnaires, which included items about OAB and the children's voiding and defecating habits. OAB was defined as urgency with or without urge incontinence, and usually with an increased daytime frequency and nocturia(ICCS 2006, group A) or an increased daytime frequency(>8 times/day) and/or urge urinary incontinence with or without urgency (group B); its prevalence and associated factors were investigated. RESULTS: The response rate for the questionnaires was 85.84%. The overall prevalence of OAB was 16.59%(group A) and 18.79%(group B). For groups A and B, the prevalence of OAB decreased with age from 22.89% to 12.16% and from 40.44% to 9.60%, respectively(p=0.0001). The overall rate of wet and dry OAB was 26.97% and 73.03%, respectively. Compared to the normal group, the children with OAB had a higher prevalence of nocturnal enuresis(NE), constipation, fecal incontinence, a history of urinary tract infection and delayed bladder control in both groups A and B(p<0.05). The rate of increased daytime frequency and urge incontinence were 3.69% and 2.31%(p=0.009), and 26.97% and 14.78%(p=0.0001) in group A and for the non-OAB children, respectively; their prevalence in group A decreased with age from 5.04% to 3.06% and from 45.74% to 18.50%, respectively(p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of OAB in group A for Korean children 5-13 years of age was similar to that in group B. However, the range of prevalence in group B was much more variable than that in group A. NE, constipation, fecal incontinence, a history of urinary tract infection and delayed bladder control may be risk factors for OAB in children.
Child ; Constipation ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fecal Incontinence ; Humans ; Korea ; Parents ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge ; Urinary Tract Infections

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials (12 chemical materials and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 638, 645, and 662 participants, in each, in the year of 2007. The response rate were 95.5% (638/668), 96.7% (645/667) and 97.1% (662/682), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of body fluid and urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 87.5% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 80.7% (536/662) and the percentage of good performance of these tests was 60.6% to 99.1%.
Bilirubin ; Body Fluids ; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials (12 chemical materials and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 638, 645, and 662 participants, in each, in the year of 2007. The response rate were 95.5% (638/668), 96.7% (645/667) and 97.1% (662/682), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of body fluid and urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 87.5% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 80.7% (536/662) and the percentage of good performance of these tests was 60.6% to 99.1%.
Bilirubin ; Body Fluids ; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials (12 chemical materials and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 451, 452, and 476 participants, in each, in the year of 2005. The response rate were 95.6% (451/472), 91.9% (452/492) and 95.6% (476/498), in the first , the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 91.2% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 76.5%(387/498) and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 63.6% to 86.5%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials(12 chemical materials and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 446, participants, in each, in the year of 2004. The response rate were 93.4% (422/452), 91.7% (411/448) and 91.7% (410/447), in the first , the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1.The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2.The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 87.9% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3.The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 80.7% and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 85.8% to 95.8%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 12 control materials(12 chemical materials) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 446, participants, in each, in the year of 2003. The response rate were 92.4% (414/448), 91.9% (419/456) and 91.3% (408/447), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase and specific gravity. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 86.8% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 12 control materials(12 chemical materials) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 446, participants, in each, in the year of 2002. The response rate were 91.5% (408/446), 90.8% (405/445) and 90.4% (403/446), in the first , the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase and specific gravity. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1.The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2.The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly decreased as 79.0% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen