Effects of various factors related to the process of social action of hospital services on the selecting a hospital were investigated by using of questionnaires answered by 1,319 patients in a certain University Hospital, in Chungchongnam-Do, from November, 1986 to November, 1987. The results summarized were as follows ; 1. Each of the examined factors, that is, sincerity of an attendant physician in medical treatment and explaining the condition of a disease, confidence to doctor and nurse, doctor's and nurse's response to calling by patient, kindness of the hospital staffs and food handlers, sanitariness of hospital, cleanness of clothes and bed sheets, hospital foods, and rest surroundings, are not solely decisive to attitude of hospital utilization, but the factors effects compositely on hospital utilization. 2. Hospital services of the social action process are more effective to hospital utilization in cases of the hospitalization caused by the traffic facility than for the medical skill and facilities.
Hospitalization ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The stature, span, lower limb length, sitting height, head length and head breadth of 411 Korean elementary school girls ranging from 7 to 10 years of age were measured biometrically and the indices among all of the items were calculated to investigate the physical growth status. The following conclusion have been obtained. 1. The average statures were 117.40cm in 7, 122.72cm in 8, 126.76cm in 9 and 132.92cm in 10 years of age groups, and the annual average stature growth was 5.17cm. 2. The average spans were 113.12cm in 7, 118.70cm in 8, 124.26cm in 9, 130.46cm in 10 years of age groups, and the annual average span growth was 5.78cm. 3. The average lower limb lengths were 62.96cm in 7, 66.80cm in 8, 69.09cm in 9 and 73.13cm in 10 years of age groups, and the annual average lower length growth was 3.39cm 4. The average sitting heights were 65.82cm in 7, 68.56cm in 8, 70.18cm in 9 and 73.13cm in 10 years of age groups, and the annual average sitting height growth was 2.43cm. 5. The average body weights were 21.22kg in 7, 24.13kg in 8, 25.54kg in 9 and 29.27kg in 10 years of age groups, and the annual average body weight growth was 2.68kg. 6. The average head lengths were 16.29cm in 7, 16.38cm in 8, 16.47cm in 9 and 16.60cm in 10 yeras of age groups, and the annual average head length growth was 0.10cm. 7. The average head breadth were 14.50cm in 7, 14.65cm in 8, 14.67cm in 9 and 14.81cm in 10 years of age groups, and the annual average head breadth growth was 0.10cm. 8. While both relative span and lower limb length increased with age and the relative sitting height slightly decreased with age. 9. The relative body weight increased with age. 10. The head type depended on cephalic index was belonged to hyperbrachycephaly, and showed no differrences with age in all of the groups. 11. The relative span was over 96 in all age groups, and the value increased slightly with age. 12. The average annual growth showed remarkable high value between 9 to 10 years of age in the items of stature, span, lower limb length, sitting height and body weight.
Body Weight ; Female* ; Head ; Humans ; Lower Extremity

BACKGROUND: The prevention of preterm deliveries still remains a major problem in ob-stetrics. The cause of preterm labor is poorly understood. Our purpose was to determine the risk factors for preterm labor associated with specific clinical and environmental factors. METHODS: Using a case-control design, 54 women with preterm labor and 134 controls with term labor, who were admitted to the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dan- kook University Hospital from January, 1996 to August, 1996. The study groups were inte- rviewed and their medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: 1. There were no significant differences of maternal age, maternal weight at 20 weeks of gestation and maternal weight gain at the time of delivery. 2. There were no significant differences between housewives and working women. But the physical workload of the preterm labor group was significantly higher than the control group ( 16.0% vs. 4.0% ). 3. There were no significant differences in the smoking habit of mother or her husba- nd. The passive smoking of the preterm labor group was significantly higher than the con- trol group ( 43.8% vs. 26.8% ). 4. In vaginal bleeding at pregnancy, the preterm labor group was significantly higher than the control group ( 15.7% vs. 2.3% ). Especially, the third trimester vaginal bleeding of the preterm labor group was significantly higher than the control group. 5. There were no significant differences in the number of previous fullterm deliveries, previous abortions, and living children between two groups. The experience of the previous preterm deliveries of the preterm group was significantly higher than the control group ( 11. 5% vs. 0.8% ). 6. There were no significant differences of medications, consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, green-tea, cola and nutritional beverages, the experiences of coitus, defecation numbers and accidents during pregnancy between two groups. 7. There were no significant differences in the plasma concentrations of hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, and in the blood pressure, and the body temperature between two groups. CONCLUSION: The risk factors of preterm labor were severe physical workload, vaginal bleeding at pregnancy, especially, the third trimester vaginal bleeding, and the experience of previous preterm deliveries.
Abortion, Induced ; Beverages ; Blood Pressure ; Body Temperature ; Case-Control Studies* ; Child ; Coffee ; Coitus ; Cola ; Defecation ; Female ; Gynecology ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Maternal Age ; Medical Records ; Mothers ; Obstetric Labor, Premature* ; Obstetrics ; Plasma ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tea ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Uterine Hemorrhage ; Weight Gain ; Women, Working

No abstract available.
Animals ; Liver* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Glutamic Acid* ; Glycine* ; Kynurenic Acid* ; Perfusion* ; Rats*

Soft tissue coverage of heel defects has long been a difficult problem. In 1982, Iron reported eight cases of heel defects in children using an ipsilateral posterior thigh flap with use of the Hoff-man's skeletal fixation apparatus for immobilization. We report three cases of heel defects treatment in children using ipsilateral posterior thigh flap and detach flap in an average 13 days with aid of single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) for evaluation of circulation status of flap.
Child ; Fracture Fixation ; Heel ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Iron ; Thigh ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Poor R-Wave Progression(PRWP) of precordial leads is frequently encountered electrocardiographic findings of uncertain significance and has simply been deemed as suggestion of anterior myocardial infarction without concrete ground. 217 cases with poor R-Wave Progression have been analyzed on clinical records and results are as follows. 1) PRWP was most frequently found in fifties and sixities, comprising 63.9% of the subjects. 2) Co-existent disease entities with PRWP were classified into three categories, cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung diseases and normal variants. 3) The cardiovascular diseases related with PRWP were mainly hypertensive diseases, comprising 59.8% of cardiovascular diseases, followed by ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. 4) PRWP may be an early sign of acute myocardial infarction in a certain part of cases, which was endorsed by typical clinical symptoms and enzyme studies. 5) As the criterion of PRWP, V3R equal to or less than 3 mm was thought more adequate for higher specificity rather than 4 mm.
Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Lung Diseases ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)is well known for its hemodynamic benefit but still has its own complications.Proper use of IABP is the best way t o obt ai n maximum benefit with low complication rate. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty one(men 10,female 11) patients were included in this study among the 100 consecutive adult cardiac surgery patients in our hospital.Eighteen(85.7%)were ischemic heart disease patients.They all received IABP therapy due to postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock according to the well-known indications.Their preoperative conditions,intraoperative factors including hemodynamics, postoperative conditions and IABP-related complications were analyzed. RESULT: Nineteen patients(90.5%)were successfully weaned from IABP.There were 2 patients of operative death and the mortality rate was 9.5%.Duration of IABP use was 40.7+/-24.3 hours.There were 2 cases(9.5%)of IABP-related vascular complications that required surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: We concluded that IABP could be used effectively and safely for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock patients with low complication rate.
Adult ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Mortality ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Shock, Cardiogenic* ; Thoracic Surgery

Various bacteriae, viruses, fungi, parasites may cause community acquired pneumonia and out of them, S. pneumoniae is the most common cause. As finding out causative pathogen in community acquired pneumonia which is common in primary care is often difficult, empiric antibiotic therapy is initiated. For ambulatory patients with community acquired pneumonia: 1) beta-lactam alone; 2) combination of beta-lactam and macrolides; or 3) respiratory quinolone are recommended. For inpatients without a risk of P. aeruginosa, beta-lactam plus macrolide or respiratory fluoroquinolone are recommended. The successful treatment of community-acquired pneumonia requires appropriate, empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Bacteria ; Fungi ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Parasites ; Pneumonia ; Primary Health Care

Most health promotion and disease prevention programs to reduce mortality and morbidity in adults are effective in the elderly. In elderly people, these programs must also be targeted towards increasing quality of life and decreasing functional disability. Moreover, programs to prevent geriatric syndromes such as frailty, sarcopenia, and falls must be considered. When planning the screening of cancers that are common in the elderly, it must be taken into consideration that the complication rate of screening tests is high in the elderly and that life expectancy is important in deciding when to stop the screening. Life expectancy must be individually evaluated by considering the comorbidity and disability of each individual.
Accidental Falls ; Adult* ; Aged ; Comorbidity ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Quality of Life ; Sarcopenia