The aim of this study is to consider breast imagery in art as depicted through western painting. Twenty western art paintings were collated. Most of the sample paintings were created from the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth century and some are from the Renaissance period. Ten anthropometric items were used to measure 15 distances between two landmarks and 3 angles between three points. The distance from the nipple to the sternal notch and to the midclavicular point was the same and they were 0.46 of the distance from the sternal notch to the umbilicus. The shape of the projection of the breast was almost an isosceles triangle and the altitude of the triangle was at a proportion of 0.45 of the bottom length and 0.16 of the distance from the sternal notch to the umbilicus. The distance between the lateral ends of the breasts was 2.14 times the facial width and the distance between nipples was 1.36 times the facial width. Proportions from works of art are more ideal and attractive than clinically measured proportions. The desirable ratios measured from historical paintings might be useful in planning breast surgeries.
Altitude ; Breast* ; Nipples ; Paint* ; Paintings* ; Umbilicus

No abstract available.
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the intervention model development of health promotion for women workers working in the traditional marketplace, using community capacity building framework. METHODS: Need assessment of the target population, work-related environment investigation, social network group building, and setting health management in the marketplace were performed. Then the interventions including cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health, and psychological health were conducted. The results were evaluated using NCEP-ATP III(National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III), OWAS, and CES-D. RESULTS: It was found that the intervention program for the vulnerable group in marketplace was appropriate, promoting the improvement of metabolic syndrome and the reduction of pain complaints. Therefore, the intervention framework for health promotion of women workers in the marketplace was developed. Work-related environment assessment also was included in the framework development. Several community capacity building strategies, including developing community resources and promoting partnership, making small social network group, and promoting program participation. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that occupational health nurses and professionals consider the appropriateness of intervention framework development after identifying the needs of women workers' work-related environmental problems.
Adult ; Capacity Building ; Cholesterol ; Community-Based Participatory Research ; Education ; Female ; Health Promotion* ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Health Services Research* ; Humans ; Occupational Health

No abstract available.
Blood Coagulation*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate individual and organizational level of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors associated with CVD risk in Korean blue-collar workers working in small sized companies. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires and blood sampling for lipid and glucose were collected from 492 workers in 31 small sized companies in Korea. Multilevel modeling was conducted to estimate effects of related factors at the individual and organizational level. RESULTS: Multilevel regression analysis showed that workers in the workplace having a cafeteria had 1.81 times higher CVD risk after adjusting for factors at the individual level (p =.022). The explanatory power of variables related to organizational level variances in CVD risk was 17.1%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that differences in the CVD risk were related to organizational factors. It is necessary to consider not only individual factors but also organizational factors when planning a CVD risk reduction program. The factors caused by having cafeteria in the workplace can be reduced by improvement in the CVD-related risk environment, therefore an organizational-level intervention approach should be available to reduce CVD risk of workers in small sized companies in Korea.
Adult ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Humans ; Lipids/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Regression Analysis ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Self Report ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workplace

No abstract available.
Acute-Phase Proteins ; Bacterial Infections*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean blue-collar workers' Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and influencing factors in Korean blue-collar workers. METHODS: Participants in this study were 109 Korean blue-collar workers. The survey included health-related, work-related, and psycho-social factors. SF-36 was used to measure HRQoL. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: In the hierarchical linear regression model, when subjects' psycho-social variables were included in the regression model, R2 change was statistically significant. The significant predictors for HRQoL were education level (beta=.26, p=.023), depression (beta=-.38, p<.001), and self-efficacy (beta=.23, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that health care providers must have priority to consider psycho-social variables, especially depression and self-efficacy to improve HRQoL in Korean blue-collar workers.
Depression ; Education ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Quality of Life*

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an emerging infectious disease (COVID-19) simulation module for nursing students and verify its effectiveness. Methods: A one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted with 78 under-graduate nursing students. A simulation module was developed based on the Jeffries simulation model. It consisted of pre-simulation lectures on disaster nursing including infectious disease pandemics, practice, and debriefings with serial tests. The scenarios contained pre-hospital settings, home visits, arrival to the emergency department, and follow-up home visits for rehabilitation. Results: Disaster preparedness showed a statistically significant improvement, as did competencies in disaster nursing. Confidence in disaster nursing increased, as did willingness to participate in disaster response. However, critical thinking did not show significant differences between time points, and neither did triage scores. Conclusion The developed simulation program targeting an infectious disease disaster positively impacts disaster preparedness, disaster nursing competency, and confidence in disaster nursing, among nursing students. Further studies are required to develop a high-fidelity module for nursing students and medical personnel. Based on the current pandemic, we suggest developing more scenarios with virtual reality simulations, as disaster simulation nursing education is required now more than ever.

PURPOSE: Since umbilical cord blood (UCB), which used to be discarded, was found to be a source of enriched hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, basic research to elucidate characteristics of UCB hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and its clinical application to bedside transplantation have been attempted. Moreover, stem cell transplantation (SCT) has expanded its role, not only in hematopoietic reconstitution, but in cancer therapy, stem cell expansion and gene therapy. This study was aimed to clarify the characteristics of UCB HSC comparing differences between term and preterm babies in term of 1) hematologic parameters, 2) immunophenotypic characteristics studied by flow cytometer utilizing CD34 and several other monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), and 3) hematopoietic capacity by clonogenic assays. METHODS: UCB was obtained from 18 term babies and 13 preterms after informed consents. Samples were initially tested for complete blood counts. Immunophenotypic characteristics were studied in 11 cases (preterm, 4; term, 7) by two laser FACscan plus (Becton Dickinson) with FITC-conjugated MoAb to CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD10, CD16+ 56, CD19, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD71, Thy-1, and HLA-DR. Clonogenic assays were performed by methylcellulose method. RESULTS: The mean hematologic parameters for all groups were : white blood cell, 12.7x103/microliter; hemoglobin 14.8g/dL; platelets, 230x103/microliter. The parameters for preterms and terms were as follows : white blood cell, 10.6x103/microliter vs 13.9x103/microliter; hemoglobin 13.5g/dL vs. 15.4g/dL; platelets, 188x103/microliter vs 254x103/microliter; mononuclear cells 5.1x103/microliter vs 6.4x103/microliter, respectively. Parameters other than hemoglobin and platelet counts were not significantly different between the two groups. The colony-forming units granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) count and count for all colonies identified on day 14 were 10,888+/-11,257.3/mL and 16,504+/-16,531.6/mL, respectively. However, there was no significant differences in clonogenic assays between the term and preterm groups. The percentage of CD34+ cells in mononuclear cells was 1.5+/-1.5%, with 1.0+/-0.2% for preterms and 1.8+/-1.9% for terms. The number of CD34+ cells was 5.5+/-4.1x104/mL, with 3.8+/-2.0x104/mL for preterms and 6.5+/-4.7x104/mL, respectively. These findings suggested that the percentage and number for CD34 cells and the number of CFUs be higher in term babies than in preterms, but the differences failed to meet statistical significances. As T cell markers, CD3 (pan-T cell) and CD5 (early developmental T cell) were positive in 28.5% and 32.8%, respectively. The CD4 : CD8 ratio for all was 2.2+/-0.5, with 2.3+/-0.3 for preterms and 2.1+/-0.6 for terms, respectively, tending to decrease with gestational age with transient increase when approaching to the term. CD10 and CD19 expression as markers for B cell-associated antigens were 1.8+/-1.6% and 6.5+/-4.6%, respectively. Myeloid marker CD33 was positive in 2.24%, while CD71 (transferrin receptor) in 43.7%. Thy-1 was 30.0% with peak of 63.4% at 32th gestational week. As a subpopulation study among HSCs, CD34+CD38- cells were 2.1+/-1.5%, CD34+ HLA-DR+ was present in 85.3+/-3.1%, while CD34+CD19+ cells were 1.7+/-1.6%. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that T cells in UCB were immature, that the number of CD8+ cells which are known to be implicated in graft-versus-host disease, was relatively low, that B cell expression was low, and that UCB were enriched with primitive HSCs. As UCB for preterms were not significantly different from that of terms, the UCB from preterm babies might be used as a source of HSCs. Moreover, the cell number for adequate engraftment might be inferred from calculating mononuclear cells in UCB as the mononuclear cell count had a good correlation with CFUs.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Blood Cell Count ; Cell Count ; Fetal Blood* ; Genetic Therapy ; Gestational Age ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; HLA-DR Antigens ; Leukocytes ; Methylcellulose ; Platelet Count ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells ; T-Lymphocytes ; Umbilical Cord*

BACKGROUND: Fanconi's anemia(FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by aplastic anemia and congenital malformations. As up to 30% of patients have no physical stigmata, the modern diagnosis of FA rests on chromosomal breakage of patient's cells induced by chemical clastogens such as diepoxybutane(DEB) or mitomycin-C(MMC). METHODS: We reviewed the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, diagnostic methods, treatment and outcome of 6 patients diagnosed to have a FA at the Chonnam University Hospital for the last 6 years. RESULTS: Six cases(16.2 %) were found to have FA among 37 aplastic children who were diagnosed during the same period. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.3 years which was the usual onset of hematologic findings. All patients had features of aplastic anemia, and had one or more anomalies, such as low birth weight, hyperpigmentation, cafeau-lait spots, mental retardation, developmental delay, peculiar face(broad nasal bases, epicanthal folds, micrognathia), polydactyly, microcephaly, short stature, and dislocation of hip. We found increased breaks in cultured cells with DEB and MMC in 5 cases tested. The median duration of follow-up was 30 months. Oxymetholone and prednisolone treatment was partially beneficial in three cases. Immunosuppressive treatment with ALG/ATG was not successful in two cases tried. Four cases are living now, without transfusion in three. Two patients were died of disseminated fungal infection and transplant-related problems, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fanconi's anemia should be sought carefully in any patients with aplastic anemia because the prognosis, treatment modality, and the approach to bone marrow transplantation are quite different when the hematologic disorder is inherited rather than acquired.
Anemia, Aplastic ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Christianity ; Chromosome Breakage ; Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Fanconi Anemia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intellectual Disability ; Jeollanam-do ; Microcephaly ; Mitomycin ; Mutagens ; Oxymetholone ; Polydactyly ; Prednisolone ; Prognosis