Milk proteins are composed of casein, further classified into αS1-casein, αS2-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein, and whey protein, which is separated into α-lacatalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, and some minor proteins, such as lactoferrin and immunoglobulin. To reduce the allergenicity of protein, heat treatment and enzymatic protein hydrolysis by endopeptidase are necessarily required. Additionally, membrane technology should be applied to produce a protein hydrolyzate, which has consistent molecular weight of peptide and low in free amino acid without allergenic peptide or protein. Extensive casein hydrolyzate and whey protein hydrolyzate are used for protein source of mainly extensively hydrolyzed protein formula (eHF) intended for the treatment of cow's milk allergy. Also, partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) is developed, which is using a single protein source e.g., whey protein hydrolyzate. The allergenicity of infant formula can be determined according to molecular weight profile and antigenicity reduction compared to intact protein. More than 90% peptides are present in eHF have a molecular weight of <3,000 Da. Peptide molecular weight profiles of pHF range mainly between 3,000 and 10,000 Da, but have a small percentage of >10,000 Da. Generally, antigenicity reduction in eHF and pHF is 10-6 and 10-3, respectively. Even if protein hydrolyzate is manufactured under strict quality control, there is still a risk of cross contamination of allergenic milk components through environmental conditions and the shared manufacturing process. Thus, quality assessment of protein hydrolyzate formula must be performed routinely.
Caseins ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Immunoglobulins ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Lactoferrin ; Membranes ; Milk ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Milk Proteins ; Molecular Weight ; Peptides ; Quality Control ; Serum Albumin ; Whey Proteins

We tested the effects of dietary intake of freeze-dried Korean traditional fermented cabbage (generally known as kimchi) with varying amounts of sodium on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), as a control group, received a regular AIN-76 diet, and the SHRs were divided into four groups. The SHR group was fed a regular diet without kimchi supplementation, the SHR-L group was fed the regular diet supplemented with low sodium kimchi containing 1.4% salt by wet weight, which was provided in a freeze-dried form, the SHR-M group was supplemented with medium levels of sodium kimchi containing 2.4% salt, and the SHR-H group was supplemented with high sodium kimchi containing 3.0% salt. Blood pressure was measured over 6 weeks, and cardiac hypertrophy was examined by measuring heart and left ventricle weights and cardiac histology. SHRs showed higher blood pressure compared to that in WKY rats, which was further elevated by consuming high sodium containing kimchi but was not influenced by supplementing with low sodium kimchi. None of the SHR groups showed significant differences in cardiac and left ventricular mass or cardiomyocyte size. Levels of serum biochemical parameters, including blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, sodium, and potassium were not different among the groups. Elevations in serum levels of aldosterone in SHR rats decreased in the low sodium kimchi group. These results suggest that consuming low sodium kimchi may not adversely affect blood pressure and cardiac function even under a hypertensive condition.
Alanine Transaminase ; Aldosterone ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Brassica ; Cardiomegaly ; Creatinine ; Diet ; Heart ; Heart Ventricles ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Potassium ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Sodium ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: Although a diet that is rich in fiber is widely recommended to prevent and treat constipation, the efficacy of fiber supplements with yogurt has not been studied sufficiently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a yogurt enriched water-soluble fiber on the various symptoms of constipation in female adults with functional constipation. RESULTS: We did a double-blind and case-controlled study between two groups (placebo vs. fiber group), which were randomly allocated out of 42 subjects with functional constipation by using Rome II criteria. Bowel habits, daily nutritional intakes and physical activities were determined by using a questionnaire, and the segmental colonic transit time was evaluated three times: before treatment, after 4 weeks of treatment, and at the end of the study (2 weeks after treatment). RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, all defecation symptoms tested, except manual evacuation, showed significant improvements in the fiber group; fiber-enriched yogurt increased the number of bowel movements (P=0.002), reduced the presence of hard stools (P=0.001), improved the frequency of straining (P=0.048), the sense of incomplete evacuation (P= 0.013), and the sense of anorectal obstruction (P= 0.032). The total colonic transit time was shortened after intake of fiber-enriched yogurt (P=0.023). Satisfactory relief was significantly higher in the fiber group (P= 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Functional constipation may be improved with water-soluble fiber supplements in yogurt without serious side effects.
Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Colon ; Constipation* ; Defecation ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Yogurt*