Introduction: Plasma cell leukaemia (PCL) is a rare variant of multiple myeloma. We report a case of PCL to demonstrate the clonal evolution, resulting in disease relapse after achieving complete remission, and its aggressive nature of the disease, leading to poor clinical outcome. Case Report: A 69-year-old man presented with a three-day-history of worsening generalized body weakness, poor oral intake, nausea, significant loss of weight and lower back pain. He was diagnosed as primary PCL, based on hypercalcaemia, renal insufficiency, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, lytic bone lesions, 24% abnormal plasma cells in peripheral blood, immunophenotype of clonal plasma cells which were positive for CD38, CD138 and CD56 markers with kappa light chain restriction, 49% abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow, monoclonal paraprotein (IgG kappa) in serum and urine, and positive IGH rearrangement (Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, FISH). He achieved complete remission after four cycles of Bortezomib-based therapy. There was a plan for high-dose therapy plus autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation. A month later, the disease relapsed, as evidenced by 94% abnormal plasma cells in his bone marrow aspirate, complex karyotype and abnormal FISH results. He passed away a few days later, from severe septicaemia. Time-to-progression of disease was 1 month and overall survival was 5 months. Discussion: This case report illustrates the clonal evolution and aggressive nature of primary PCL with older age at presentation, leading to a shorter duration of remission and overall survival.

POEMS syndrome is the syndrome of Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonalprotein and typical Skin changes. A 65-year-old lady presented with the 2-day-history of inabilityto walk, 4-month-history of progressive worsening of muscle weakness of both lower limbs and1-year-history of progressive worsening of bilateral numbness of lower limbs. Nerve conduction studyrevealed generalized sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy. She was initially treated as chronicinflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) andhigh-dose prednisolone. However, she had no significant neurological improvement despite gettingstandard therapy. In addition to peripheral neuropathy, the presence of hepatosplenomegaly, skinchanges, polycythaemia and thrombocytosis prompted for further investigations. She was diagnosedas POEMS syndrome based on the presence of two mandatory major criteria [polyneuropathy,monoclonal plasma cell proliferative disorder (lambda)], one major criterion (sclerotic bone lesions)and three minor criteria (organomegaly, skin changes and thrombocytosis/polycythaemia). Shereceived treatment with melphalan and prednisolone. She achieved clinical improvement and partialresponse (haematologic and radiological) after six cycles of therapy. We highlight the awarenessof this rare syndrome, for patients presenting with peripheral neuropathy and not responding to itsstandard therapy, by recognizing other associated clinical manifestations and proceeding furtherdiagnostic work-up.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious health problems in Myanmar. Because TB drug resistance is associated with genetic mutation(s) relevant to responses to each drug, genotypic methods for detecting these mutations have been proposed to overcome the limitations of classic phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST). We explored the current estimates of drug-resistant TB and evaluated the usefulness of genotypic DST in Myanmar. METHODS: We determined the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum smear-positive patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB at two main TB centers in Myanmar during 2013 by using conventional phenotypic DST and the GenoType MTBDRplus assay (Hain Lifescience, Germany). Discrepant results were confirmed by sequencing the genes relevant to each type of resistance (rpoB for rifampicin; katG and inhA for isoniazid). RESULTS: Of 191 isolates, phenotypic DST showed that 27.7% (n=53) were resistant to at least one first-line drug and 20.9% (n=40) were resistant to two or more, including 18.3% (n=35) multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) strains. Monoresistant strains accounted for 6.8% (n=13) of the samples. Genotypic assay of 189 isolates showed 17.5% (n=33) MDR-TB and 5.3% (n=10) isoniazid-monoresistant strains. Genotypic susceptibility results were 99.5% (n=188) concordant and agreed almost perfectly with phenotypic DST (kappa=0.99; 95% confidence interval 0.96-1.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the burden of TB drug resistance and prove the usefulness of the genotypic DST in Myanmar.
Drug Resistance* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Myanmar* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Rifampin ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis