BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect size analysis of an exercise program on body composition, blood pressure, and physical fitness in Korean adults. METHODS: The subjects were 1,095 adults (men=76, women=1,019) older than 19 years who participated in the Fitness Promotion program at the centers for National Fitness Award Program in 2012. The subjects performed the regular combined exercise for 60-90 minutes per day, 2-4 days a week for 8 weeks. And the intensity of the exercise program was moderate (55-80% of maximum heart rate). In this study the effect size (ES) was calculated by the Cohen (1988) method. RESULTS: The ES was 0.06-0.11 (average small ES) for body composition, 0.52-0.77 (average large ES) for blood pressure, and 0.08-0.48 (average medium ES) for physical fitness variables. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated ES would be a useful reference to determine sample size for post-exercise experimental research.
Adult* ; Awards and Prizes ; Blood Pressure* ; Body Composition* ; Heart ; Humans ; Physical Fitness* ; Sample Size

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect size analysis of an exercise program on body composition, blood pressure, and physical fitness in Korean adults. METHODS: The subjects were 1,095 adults (men=76, women=1,019) older than 19 years who participated in the Fitness Promotion program at the centers for National Fitness Award Program in 2012. The subjects performed the regular combined exercise for 60-90 minutes per day, 2-4 days a week for 8 weeks. And the intensity of the exercise program was moderate (55-80% of maximum heart rate). In this study the effect size (ES) was calculated by the Cohen (1988) method. RESULTS: The ES was 0.06-0.11 (average small ES) for body composition, 0.52-0.77 (average large ES) for blood pressure, and 0.08-0.48 (average medium ES) for physical fitness variables. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated ES would be a useful reference to determine sample size for post-exercise experimental research.
Adult* ; Awards and Prizes ; Blood Pressure* ; Body Composition* ; Heart ; Humans ; Physical Fitness* ; Sample Size

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect size analysis of an exercise program on body composition, blood pressure, and physical fitness in Korean adults. METHODS: The subjects were 1,095 adults (men=76, women=1,019) older than 19 years who participated in the Fitness Promotion program at the centers for National Fitness Award Program in 2012. The subjects performed the regular combined exercise for 60-90 minutes per day, 2-4 days a week for 8 weeks. And the intensity of the exercise program was moderate (55-80% of maximum heart rate). In this study the effect size (ES) was calculated by the Cohen (1988) method. RESULTS: The ES was 0.06-0.11 (average small ES) for body composition, 0.52-0.77 (average large ES) for blood pressure, and 0.08-0.48 (average medium ES) for physical fitness variables. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated ES would be a useful reference to determine sample size for post-exercise experimental research.
Adult ; Awards and Prizes ; Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; Heart ; Humans ; Physical Fitness ; Sample Size

PURPOSE: We aimed to examine the relationships between obesity and the level of social support for healthy behaviors, amount of physical activity (PA), and dietary habits in African Americans. METHODS: The subjects were 412 university students who visited a health promotion center at North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA between September 1, 2009 and April 30, 2010. We administered a social support survey, the National Institutes of Health Fruit, Vegetable, and Fat Screener, the Paffenbarger PA Questionnaire, and measures of body mass index, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Results showed that men in the overweight group had WC and systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and below average PA; those in the obese group had WC, SBP, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements associated with CVD risk and below average PA. Women in the overweight group had WC and SBP measurements associated with CVD risk, and those in the obesity group had WC, SBP, and DBP measurements associated with CVD risk and below average PA. Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing PA by 1,000 kcal/week decreased the prevalence of obesity by 9.3% in men and 9.0% in women. CONCLUSION: Thus, low PA was a significant risk factor for obesity among African Americans. However, the level of social support and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fat were not found to be significant risk factors in this study.
African Americans ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Eating ; Female ; Food Habits ; Fruit ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Motor Activity ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; North Carolina ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Vegetables ; Waist Circumference ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) occurs in 2% of the asian patients with hyperthyroidism and is characterized by bilateral flaccid paralysis of the extremity, especially lower limbs. It is well-known that hypokalemia is usually accompanied by TPP. However, hypophosphatemia is usually mild and well neglected. Although paralysis is generally recovered without treatment, in some cases, patients with TPP may die due to cardiopulmonary complications, such as cardiac arrhythmia. Therefore, proper and rapid replacement of potassium is essential. But it should be acknowledged that replacement may cause a rebound. TPP is often unrecognized and over-treated in the emergency room due to its non-specific symptoms. This is why clinicians must be familiar with this disease and its diagnostic clues such as Echocardiography change and clinical features. This is a case report of a 29-year-old male presenting with TPP accompanied by hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia and second degree atrioventricular block, who showed rebound hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia after rapid replacement of electrolytes. EKG changed to the normal sinus rhythm in the end after the correction of the electrolytes.
Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Atrioventricular Block ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Electrolytes ; Emergencies ; Extremities ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia ; Hyperphosphatemia ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypokalemia ; Hypophosphatemia ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Paralysis ; Potassium

Sarcomatoid carcinomas are rare neoplasms that have been described using various terms, pseudosarcoma, carcinosarcoma or spindle cell carcinoma. Sarcomatoid carcinomas are epithelial tumors with sarcomatoid components and characterized by the presence of cytokeratin in pleomorphic spindle cells. These tumors of gallbladder rarely have been reported predominantly in older women with associated gallstones and their prognosis was very poor. However, the clinical and histological data are very limited. We report a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma in gallbladder confirmed by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.
Carcinosarcoma ; Female ; Gallbladder* ; Gallstones ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins ; Microscopy ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to achieve expert consensus for the development of strategies emergency medical services system (EMSS) after reunification of Korean using the Delphi method. METHODS: The Delphi study was performed through several rounds from January to February in 2017. Experts who have experiences of emergency medical support in North Korea and developing countries participated in the study. Respondents were asked to express their level of agreement following 7 categories: (1) emergency medical manpower, (2) communication system, (3) emergency facilities, (4) patient transfer system, (5) consumer participation and public education, (6) insurance system, (7) disaster planning. Score 1–3 was classified as disagreement, 4–6 as medium agreement, and 7–9 as agreement and consensus was considered being achieved when more than two thirds of respondents agreed in each question. RESULTS: Response rate were 80% in the first round and 75% in the second round. Consensus was achieved in emergency medical manpower, communication system, emergency facilities, patient transfer system, and disaster planning for the important factors immediately after reunification within 5 years. Consensus was achieved in emergency medical manpower, communication system, emergency facilities, patient transfer system, consumer participation and public education, and disaster planning for the prior factors when the reunification would happen rapidly without enough preparation. CONCLUSION: Consensus was achieved in emergency medical manpower, communication system, emergency facilities, patient transfer system, disaster planning for the essential EMSS elements. The consensus was expected to utilize as a basic data for the development of EMSS preparing for reunification.
Consensus* ; Consumer Participation ; Delphi Technique* ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Developing Countries ; Disaster Planning ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medical Services* ; Expert Testimony ; Insurance ; Korea* ; Methods ; Patient Transfer ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: Recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that brain changes occur in subjects at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis while experiencing prodromal symptoms, among which depression may increase the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. The goal of this study is to examine brain metabolite levels in the anterior cingulate cortex, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left thalamus in subjects at UHR for psychosis and to compare brain metabolite levels between the UHR subjects with comorbid major depressive disorder and healthy controls. METHODS: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to examine brain metabolite levels. Twenty UHR subjects and 20 age- and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched healthy controls were included in this study. RESULTS: Overall, no significant differences were observed in any metabolite between the UHR and healthy control group. However, UHR subjects with major depressive disorder showed significantly higher myo-inositol (Ins) levels in the left thalamus, compared to the healthy control. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that increased thalamic Ins level is associated with prodromal depressive symptoms. Further longitudinal follow-up studies with larger UHR sample sizes are required to investigate the function of Ins concentrations as a biomarker of vulnerability to psychosis.
Brain ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Intelligence ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Neuroimaging ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Prodromal Symptoms ; Protons ; Psychotic Disorders ; Sample Size ; Schizophrenia ; Thalamus

OBJECTIVE: Recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that brain changes occur in subjects at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis while experiencing prodromal symptoms, among which depression may increase the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. The goal of this study is to examine brain metabolite levels in the anterior cingulate cortex, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left thalamus in subjects at UHR for psychosis and to compare brain metabolite levels between the UHR subjects with comorbid major depressive disorder and healthy controls. METHODS: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to examine brain metabolite levels. Twenty UHR subjects and 20 age- and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched healthy controls were included in this study. RESULTS: Overall, no significant differences were observed in any metabolite between the UHR and healthy control group. However, UHR subjects with major depressive disorder showed significantly higher myo-inositol (Ins) levels in the left thalamus, compared to the healthy control. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that increased thalamic Ins level is associated with prodromal depressive symptoms. Further longitudinal follow-up studies with larger UHR sample sizes are required to investigate the function of Ins concentrations as a biomarker of vulnerability to psychosis.
Brain ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Intelligence ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Neuroimaging ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Prodromal Symptoms ; Protons ; Psychotic Disorders ; Sample Size ; Schizophrenia ; Thalamus

Streptococcus pneumoniae has been an important etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. S. pneumoniae is also an important cause of bacteremia, especially in a community setting and it may cause intravascular infection. S. pneumoniae has been rarely been reparted to cause mycotic aneurysm and three is no case report on abdominal aneurysm caused by S. pneumoniae in Korea, yet. We experienced a case of abdominal aneurysm caused by S. pneumoniae infection. A 78-year old male with hypertension and diabetes mellitus was transferred to our hospital due to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Surgical intervention was done for removal of hematoma and vascular anastomosis. Ascending aorta showed atheromatous plaque with dystrophic calcification and thrombus. S. pneumoniae was isolated from the culture of the surgical specimen. After successful treatment with antibiotics for 7 weeks, he has been followed up uneventfully in outpatient clinic for 1 year.
Aged ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Aneurysm* ; Aneurysm, Infected ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Aorta ; Aortic Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal ; Bacteremia ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Male ; Meningitis ; Otitis Media ; Pneumococcal Infections* ; Pneumonia ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus* ; Thrombosis