No abstract available.
Heart Failure* ; Heart* ; Learning* ; Urinary Bladder*

Even with advances in perioperative medical care, anesthetic management, and surgical techniques, radical cystectomy (RC) which remains the gold standard therapy for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, yet is still associated with a high morbidity rate as well as a prolonged length of hospitalization (LOH). Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in developing multimodal and multidisciplinary strategies that might aid in the acceleration postoperative convalescence by decreasing variance in perioperative care for patients having complex operations. Many patient series have shown that Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols can improve outcomes in patients having RC by reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal complications and the LOH without increasing readmissions or overall morbidity. Many studies are going to evaluate and incorporate scientific data in ERAS program to modify as many of the variables leading to RC morbidity, as well as to enhance how patients are cared for before and after operation. In this review, we offer a summary of the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative key components of undergoing an ERAS protocol for patients undergoing RC, as well as future research prospects.

Radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard treatment option for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, up to 25% of patients who undergo RC show metastatic lymph node deposits during the procedure. In such cases, the 5-year survival rate is reported to be 25%–30%. Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) can also provide useful prognostic information, including data regarding the disease burden, lymph node density, and extracapsular extension of metastatic lymph nodes. Accordingly, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend that PLND that includes the common iliac lymph node should be performed at the time of RC to allow reliable staging of MIBC. In addition to its diagnostic role, many studies have reported the potential therapeutic role of PLND. Data from clinical trials indicate a substantial oncological advantage in PLND cohorts compared to non-PLND cohorts, regardless of pathological nodal status, as a result of removal of metastatic and micrometastatic tumor cells nested in lymph nodes. As such, despite the diagnostic and therapeutic role of PLND in MIBC, the optimal PLND template remains controversial. Currently, extended PLND (E-PLND) is recommended for diagnostic purposes, however, E-PLND did not show therapeutic effectiveness in some recent preliminary randomized controlled trials. In this review, we will discuss the appropriate range of PLND for RC in terms of its diagnostic and therapeutic importance, and propose an appropriate range of PLNDs based on the evidence and randomized trials so far.

Prostate cancer (PC) treatment has reached a milestone with the introduction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) induce breaks in single-stranded and/or double-stranded DNA, resulting in synthetic lethality in cancer cells lacking functional homologous recombination genes. Around 20% to 25% of patients with metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer harbor mutations in DNA damage repair genes, either somatic or germline. The success of PARPi in these patients has prompted studies exploring its potential in tumors classified as "BRCAness," which refers to tumors without germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Additionally, there is a proposed connection between androgen receptor signaling and synthetic lethality of PARPi. The inclusion of genetic mutation tests in the treatment algorithm for PC is a significant step towards precision and personalized medicine, marking a first in the field. The objectives of this review encompass understanding the mechanism of action of PARPi in both monotherapy and combination therapy, exploring patient selection criteria, discussing pivotal studies that led to its approval, and offering future prospects. However, numerous unanswered questions remain, including the identification of the patient population that could benefit most from PARPi, determining whether to use PARPi as monotherapy or in combination, and finding the optimal timing of PARPi administration in advanced or localized disease. To address these questions, several ongoing clinical trials are being conducted.

The standard management for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) involves radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Although this treatment may be curative, a large proportion of patients will develop recurrence and will ultimately die of metastatic disease. Prospective, randomized clinical trial data demonstrate a survival advantage for those patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to radical cystectomy and this concept was confirmed by meta-analysis. The administration of cisplatin-based combination NAC has consistently demonstrated a survival benefit of 5%. The pathologic downstaging is used as a surrogate end point. The efficacy of NAC for MIBC was established primarily with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC), with complete response rates (pT0) as high as 38%. Dose dense M-VAC (DDMAVC) is preferred over standard MVAC, and gemcitabine/cisplatin is a reasonable alternative to standard M-VAC for NAC. In Korea, while NAC use has slowly increased over time, it remains an underutilized therapeutic approach in Korean clinical practice.
Biomarkers ; Cisplatin ; Cystectomy ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Node Excision ; Methotrexate ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Standard of Care* ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Vinblastine

No abstract available.
Animals ; Models, Animal

BACKGROUND: As a complication of iron deficiency anemia, only a few cases of the infarction involving major cerebral artery territory area have been reported. Although the reactive thrombocytosis secondary to iron-deficiency anemia may be suggested as a cause, the exact mechanism is unclear. Until now, the sole possible level of thrombocytosis associated with iron deficiency anemia for cerebrovascular accident has been reported as more than 8.0 x 105/mm3. Case Description : We present a case of young woman with mild reactive thrombocytosis(5.95 x 105/mm3) secondary to iron deficiency anemia who developed left middle cerebral artery territorial infarction. We did not find any other precipitating factors despite of all possible etiological evaluations including cerebral angiography. After the treatment of iron supplement and antiplatelet agent, the recovery was relatively good and no definite neurological deficits were remained. CONCLUSION: We suggest that this large territorial infarction might be related to the severe iron deficiency anemia and the reactive thrombocytosis associated with iron deficiency anemia and the correction of anemia and antiplatelet therapy is a reasonable approach.
Anemia ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency* ; Cerebral Angiography ; Cerebral Arteries ; Female ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Iron* ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Precipitating Factors ; Stroke ; Thrombocytosis*

PURPOSE: A lot of patients with stress urinary incontinence(SUI) have lower urinary tract symptoms. So we evaluated the changes of voiding pattern following transobturator tape(TOT) operation, and investigated the factors for predicting persistent urinary frequency after operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The items of preoperative evaluations consisted of history taking, physical examination, cystometrography, 3 day frequency-volume chart and symptoms questionnaire. Patients with anticholinergics or any neurologic diseases that affect the voiding pattern were excluded. Between January to November 2006, 46 patients with TOT operation were enrolled, and were reevaluated with physical examination, 3 day frequency-volume chart and symptom questionnaires, postoperatively. RESULTS: The patients who voided 8 or more times per day had shorter symptom duration and higher body mass index(BMI) than those who voided under 8 times per day(each p<0.05). In 30 patients who void 8 or moretimes per day preoperatively, 17(56.7%) patients became void under 8 times, postoperatively. In each patient who had urgency or urge incontinence symptoms preoperatively, respective 72.7 and 82.8% resolved their symptoms, postoperatively. No one complained de novo urgency or urge incontinence, postoperatively. In a multivariate analysis, the patient with a history of previous pelvic surgery or moderate to severe urge incontinence was tightly associated with an increased likelihood of persistent urinary frequency after TOT operation (odd ratio[OR] 24.8, 95% confidence interval[CI] 2.044-301.284, p=0.012 and OR 31.9, 95% CI 1.662- 613.619, p=0.022, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The TOT operation can improve the symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence in patients with SUI. However, the patients who had previous pelvic surgeriesor moderate to severe urge incontinence should be fully advised for the risk of sustaining frequency, postoperatively
Cholinergic Antagonists ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ; Multivariate Analysis ; Physical Examination ; Suburethral Slings ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urinary Incontinence, Stress ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for staghorn calculi in patients 70 years and older. METHODS: From March 1990 to December 2011, 76 patients with staghorn calculi underwent PNL. They divided into two groups according to age: 70 years and older (group I, n=32) and younger than 70 years (group II, n=46). Preoperative parameters (stone type, stone volume, concomitant diseases, and preoperative urine culture results) and perioperative parameters (operative time, complication rate, transfusion rate, and success rate) were evaluated. Additionally, we analyzed the composition of the urinary stones using the chemical analysis method. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups for stone size, urine culture rate, operative time, success rate, and complication rate. But comorbidity, American Society of Anaesthesiology score, postoperative hemoglobin level, and transfusion rate were different (p<0.05). There were no serious complications or deaths. Magnesium ammonium phosphate component was found in 53.1% of group I and 60.9% of group II. CONCLUSION: Outcomes of PNL for staghorn calculi in patients 70 years and older were comparable to those seen in younger patients. PNL for this condition can be considered a safe and effective surgical option for appropriately selected elderly patients.
Aged ; Ammonium Compounds ; Calculi* ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Methods ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous* ; Operative Time ; Urinary Calculi

PURPOSE: Patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) can have pain as a main symptom and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms that are directly or indirectly related to a major mechanism that causes pain. The primary purpose of this study is firstly to identify the prevalence rate of OAB symptoms in patients with BPS/IC, secondly to identify changes in OAB symptoms after low-dose triple therapy, and thirdly to build a theoretical foundation to improve quality of life for patients. METHODS: Patients who met the inclusion criteria of BPS/IC through basic tests including the O'Leary-Sant symptom index, overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), and visual analog scale (VAS) were identified. Treatment-based changes in OAB symptoms were identified using the IC Symptom Index and IC Problem Index (ICSI/ICPI), OABSS, and VAS before, and 4 and 12 weeks after low-dose triple therapy. RESULTS: The patients consisted of 3 men and 20 women, and their mean age was 61.9 years (41.0-83.2 years). Comparing values before treatment, and 4 and 12 weeks after treatment (baseline vs. 4 weeks to baseline vs. 12 weeks), the rates of improvement were as follows: ICSI, 44.2% to 63.7%; ICPI, 46.9% to 59.4%; OABSS, 34.3% to 58.2%; and VAS, 53.6% to 75.0%, which showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). However, comparing values at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment (4 weeks vs. 12 weeks), the ICSI and VAS showed a statistically significant decrease (P<0.05). The ICPI and OABSS showed slight improvement, but no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose triple therapy in BPS/IC results in a clear decrease in OAB symptoms in the first 4 weeks after treatment, and additional treatment for 8 weeks had a partial effect with varied statistical significances depending on the questionnaires.
Amines ; Amitriptyline ; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ; Cystitis ; Cystitis, Interstitial ; Female ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive