Objective This paper explored the effect of the early clinical exposure in im-proving medical students' cognitive aspects of the doctor-patient relationship. Methods (1)From 280 undergraduate students of Grade 2010 who participated in early clinical exposure of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine and 280 undergraduate students of Grade 2011 who did not participate in the early clinical exposure, we selected 140 students respectively to conduct a simple random sam-pling survey. The results were analyzed by SPSS after using Microsoft Excellsoftware for entry. Statis-tical methods selected χ2-test/Fisher exact test(P<0.05). (2)We had an interview to students,teachers leading the project, instructor,experts engaging in the study of the doctor-patient relationship by using focus group discussion and in-depth interview, and then using thematic analysis to analyze the data. (3)The main aspects of questionnaires and interviews were: details, activity participation/interest, general cognitive on the doctor-patient relationship, passion for profession, choice of career, the effect in improving medical students' cognitive aspects of the doctor-patient relationship and the suggestions and comments. Results The effective questionnaires collected from Grade 2010 were 134, and124 from Grade 2011.The participation rate of the undergraduates of Grade 2010(participating group) was 94.0%(126/134), while the interest rate of undergraduates of Grade 2011 (control group) was only 76.6%(95/124). Participating group had a better cognitive understanding of doctor-patient relationship than control group(P=0.0192). The activities had significant effects on choice of career(P=0.0002), and no effect on passion for profession(P=0.7372). There was statistically significant difference on their views of employment(P=0.0002). The key words for the interview were: not enough preparation before activity, not reasonable timing, teachers leading the project, stimulation of professional pride. Conclusions Early clinical exposure activities can be effective in improving medical students' awareness of the current doctor-patient relationship. Still we have some shortages in the activity, some more exploration and amelioration should be made in late stage.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and stability of using oleic acid to establish acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) model in Beagle dogs.Methods:A total of 25 Beagle dogs were injected oleic acid with a speed of 0.25?0.03ml/Kg through jugular vein after being anesthetized.The gas ventilation index,oxygen metabolism,histopathological changes,chest-ray scan and stability of each index after establishing the ARDS situation were continuously monitored and evaluated.Results:All 25 dogs were reached the diagnosis criteria of ARDS in 4.16?0.92 hours after injection of oleic acid,The arterial PaCO2 of the animals was 27.98?8.25mmHg,PaO2 was 65.40?11.48mmHg,and PaO2/FiO2 was 182.3?29.6.After mechanical ventilation treatment,PaO2/FiO2≤200.Pulmonary mesenchyme,and alveolus edema,bleeding,shrinkage and transparent formation were seen under microscope.There was darkness or coarse shadow in the lung by the X-ray scan.Conclusions:Through injection of oleic acid via jugular vein,a Beagle dog ARDS model may be quickly established with stable changes of hemodynamics,pulmonary mechanics and histology.

Objective To understand the present condition of preclinical dental undergraduate in-terns' AIDS-related knowledge. Methods The questionnaire was designed referring to domestic and foreign relevant questionnaires. The cluster sampling method was used to conduct the questionnaire survey among the undergraduates who started their clinical internship in July 2016 in three domestic colleges, using SPSS 14.0 statistical software to analyze it. Results In this survey, 144 questionnaires were distributed, and 144 ones were filled out and sent back. The survey results suggested that 97.22％ (140) of interns held a posi-tive attitude towards aiding HIV-infected patients despite that 96.53％ (139) of interns knew that dental medical staff was considered to be highly susceptible with HIV. In spite of the fact that most interns knew AIDS-related knowledge and protection measures, 40.28％ (58) of interns were not clear about incubation period of AIDS, and the average awareness of children's AIDS and methods to disinfect HIV-infected dental instruments was less than half in the interns. Meanwhile it was found that 86.81％ (125) of interns didn't perform well in terms of complying with the principles of confidentiality in AIDS prevention and treatment. Conclusion Dental clinical interns' attitudes towards AIDS-infected patients should be praised. Further-more, they should accept education about infection control to have a deeper understanding about AIDS-related clinical manifestations and legal knowledge in order to reduce the probability of nosocomial infec-tion of AIDS.

Total 1350 subjects were selected by cluster random sampling from Chongwen District and Shijingshan District in Beijing with a populations of 100 000.Chongwen District represented a typical urban district and Shijingshan represtnted a newly extended urban district.Qualified investigators conducted face-to-face survey using the uniform questionnaire and measurement, dealing with the knowledge, attitude and behavior for risk factors of stroke in two districts.The results showed:in Chongwen District, the awareness rates of "the diagnostic criteria of hypertension", "antihypertensive drugs can lower the risk of cardiocerebral vascular disease", and "criteria for obesity" were 71.3%, 87.3% and 22.9% respectively,which were significantly higher than those in Shijingshan District.The awareness rate of "bad temper may increase the risk of cardiocerebral vascular disease" was lower in the Chongwen District.There were no significant differences in attitude between two districts.In Chongwen District the level of three risk factors (smoking and obesity) was significantly lower than Shijingshan, but action of self-examination was also significantly lower.Generally, there was higher level in health knowledge and lower level of risk factors in Chongwen District.The hypertension-related knowledge and behavior was not entirely consistent.It is necessary to transform knowledge into behavioral changes or intervention of risk factors in population with high awareness like Chongwen District.

The article provides a brief review of the risk factors, prevention, and management strategies for kidney injury after non-kidney solid organ transplantation, in order to optimize the management of kidney injury by the transplant team and further improve the life quality and survival of the recipients.

With the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections have undergone enormous changes worldwide, including in China. In this paper, we reviewed the existing data on mycosis across China to summarize available epidemiological profiles. We found that the general incidence of superficial fungal infections in China has been stable, but the incidence of tinea capitis has decreased and the transmission route has changed. By contrast, the overall incidence of invasive fungal infections has continued to rise. The occurrence of candidemia caused by Candida species other than C. albicans and including some uncommon Candida species has increased recently in China. Infections caused by Aspergillus have also propagated in recent years, particularly with the emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. An increasing trend of cryptococcosis has been noted in China, with Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii ST 5 genotype isolates as the predominant pathogen. Retrospective studies have suggested that the epidemiological characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in China may be similar to those in other developing countries. Endemic fungal infections, such as sporotrichosis in Northeastern China, must arouse research, diagnostic, and treatment vigilance. Currently, the epidemiological data on mycosis in China are variable and fragmentary. Thus, a nationwide epidemiological research on fungal infections in China is an important need for improving the country's health.
Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Fungi ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Genotype ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mycoses ; epidemiology ; transmission