According to the training objectives of higher vocational education of pharmacy and the requirements of employment knowledge and capability, the curriculum system can be divided into modular curriculum systems which correspond with the job posts. Additionally, a set of simulating practical curriculum systems with distinct characteristics should be established in line with the job posts. By means of the reform of curriculum systems and the overall optimizing of teaching contents, the overlapping and duplication in the existing curricula can be reduced and the teaching effects can be improved.

Two fresh kidneys removed from two male adult bodies, about 48 hrs. after death, were injected through the renal artery with ABS (a copolymer of allyl cyanide, butadiene and styrolene) at a constant pressure between 250-280 mmHg. Corrosion casts were prepared for the study of glomerular vasculature. Small specimens were cut out from the kidney were digested in 20% HCl and 10% peptic solution. Cast replicas of renal arteries and their branches were removed and examined with the SEM (Hitachi H-500 with Scanning accessories HSE_2). The chief results of observation were as follows: The corrosion-cast models of adults' glomerular vessels observed under the SEM consisted of two kinds: the spherical glomerulus and the chrythsanthemum-like glomerulus. The system of capillary loops of the spherical glomerulus was interconnected by anastomosed vessels. The lobular patterns of the glomerular capillary loops as described in the mouse kidney by Hall were not observed. The chrythsanthemum-like glomerulus consisted of many branches of capillaries, either longer or shorter, and most ended blindly. No more than one efferent or afferent vessel have been observed in our corrosioncast specimen of the adults' glomerular vessels. In general, the afferent and efferent arteriole enters or exits at the hilum of glomerulus. Rarely, the efferent vessel left the glomerulus at the oppositeside of the hilum. By-pass tract between the afferent and efferent vessels was not found in our casts. Constrictions of the afferent arterioles such as those shown in rats by Shonyo and Mann ('44) were not demonstrated in the adults' kidneys. Sometimes, there is a constriction near the point of origin of the afferent arteriole.

The basic mechanical properties of a Radial Shock Wave Therapy Equipment (RSWTE) were experimentally studied in this paper. The output energy of the RSWTE working on the operation frequency of 10 Hz was measured by dynamic pressure transducer under the conditions of different operation pressure. The results showed that both operation pressure and operation frequency have effects on the output energy of the equipment. The output energy increases with the increase of operation pressure, and the magnitude of increased energy decreases with higher operation of frequency. With the increase of operation frequency, the output energy rises up in condition of lower operation pressure and drops off in condition of higher operation pressure. The accurate medical treatment should be selected with the optimized energy and condition according to the treatment requirement to different illness in clinical medical applications.
Equipment Design ; High-Energy Shock Waves ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; instrumentation ; Pressure

GB7 acetate is a galbulimima alkaloid obtained from Galbulimima belgraveana.However,information regarding its structure,biological activities,and related mechanisms is not entirely available.A series of spectroscopic analyses,structural degradation,interconversion,and crystallography were performed to identify the structure of GB7 acetate.The MTT assay was applied to measure cell proliferation on human colorectal cancer HCT 116 cells.The expressions of the related proteins were measured by Western blotting.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),acridine orange(AO)and monodansylcadaverine(MDC)staining were used to detect the presence of autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes.A transwell assay was performed to demonstrate metastatic capabilities.Oxygen consumption rate(OCR)and extracellular acidification rate(ECAR)assays were performed to determine the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS)and glycolysis activity of HCT 116 cells.The data showed that GB7 acetate suppressed the proliferation and colony-forming ability of HCT 116 cells.Pretreatment with GB7 acetate significantly induced the formation of autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes.GB7 acetate upregulated the expressions of LC3 and Thr172 phosphorylated adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated pro-tein kinase α(p-AMPKα),which are key elements of autophagy.In addition,GB7 acetate suppressed the metastatic capabilities of HCT 116 cells.Additionally,the production of matrix metallo-proteinase-2(MMP-2)and MMP-9 was reduced,whereas the expression of E-cadherin(E-cad)was upregulated.Furthermore,GB7 acetate significantly reduced mitochondrial OXPHOS and glycolysis.In conclusion,the structure of the novel Galbulimima alkaloid GB7 acetate was identified.GB7 acetate was shown to have anti-proliferative,pro-autophagic,anti-metastatic,and anti-metabolite capabilities in HCT 116 cells.This study might provide new insights into cancer treatment efficacy and cancer chemoprevention.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare warangalone-loaded thermosensitive liposomes (WLTSL) and evaluate its inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells . METHODS: MTT assay was used to assess the changes in proliferation of 3 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and SKBR3) following treatment with warangalone, soy isoflavone and genistein. Colony-forming assay and wound healing assay was used to assess colony forming activity and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with warangalone. The effect of warangalone on the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in MDA-MB-231 cells was examined with Western blotting. The thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) and WLTSL were prepared using a thin film hydration method, and the morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency and stability of the prepared liposomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering scanning and UV spectrophotometry. MTT assay was used to examine the inhibitory effect of WLTSL on mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) . RESULTS: Warangalone showed stronger anti-proliferation effects than soy isoflavones and genistein in the 3 human breast cancer cell lines and significantly inhibited colony formation by MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with warangalone significantly inhibited migration of the breast cancer cells and down-regulated the cellular expressions of MMP2 and MMP9. The prepared TSL and WLTSL presented with a homogeneous, irregular spherical morphology, with a mean particle size of 56.23±0.61 nm, a polymer dispersity index of 0.241±0.014, a Zeta potential of -40.40±0.46 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency was 87.68±2.41%. WLTSL showed a good stability at 4 ℃ and 37 ℃ and a stronger inhibitory effect than warangalone in 4T1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Warangalone inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and the prepared WLTSL possesses good physical properties and strong anti-breast cancer activity.
Animals ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; Liposomes ; Mice

Recent studies have discovered a selective autophagy-lipophagy, which can selectively identify and degrade lipids and plays an important role in regulating cellular lipid metabolism and maintaining intracellular lipid homeostasis. The process of lipophagy can be directly or indirectly regulated by genes, enzymes, transcriptional regulators and other factors. This review examines the role of lipophagy in reducing liver lipid content, regulating pancreatic lipid metabolism, and regulating adipose tissue differentiation, and summarizes the findings of the molecules (Rab GTPase, enzymes, ion channels, transcription factors, small molecular substances) involved in the regulation of lipophagy, which points to new directions for the treatment of diseases caused by lipid accumulation.
Adipose Tissue ; Autophagy ; Homeostasis ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver

Glycolytic metabolism enzymes have been implicated in the immunometabolism field through changes in metabolic status. PGK1 is a catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. Here, we set up a high-throughput screen platform to identify PGK1 inhibitors. DC-PGKI is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PGK1 with an affinity of K _d = 99.08 nmol/L. DC-PGKI stabilizes PGK1 in vitro and in vivo, and suppresses both glycolytic activity and the kinase function of PGK1. In addition, DC-PGKI unveils that PGK1 regulates production of IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Mechanistically, inhibition of PGK1 with DC-PGKI results in NRF2 (nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2, NFE2L2) accumulation, then NRF2 translocates to the nucleus and binds to the proximity region of Il-1β and Il-6 genes, and inhibits LPS-induced expression of these genes. DC-PGKI ameliorates colitis in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. These data support PGK1 as a regulator of macrophages and suggest potential utility of PGK1 inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.