Objective To examine whether IFN-λ has the ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection of blood monocyte-derived macrophages and its mechanism(s). Methods Macrophages were pretreated with IFN-λ/ IFN-λ2 for 24 h before infected by HIV-1 R5 strains (Bal, Jago, and JRFL). And then the culture supernatants were detected HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT) activity and p24 protein expression by HIV-1 BT assay and ELISA. The expressions of IFN-λ receptor, CD4, CCRS, CXCR4 were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results Both IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2, when added to macrophage cultures, inhibited HIV-1 infection and replication. This IFN-λ-mediated anti-HIV-I activity is broad, as IFN-λ could inhibit infection by both laboratory-adapted and clinical strains of HIV-1. Investigations of mechanism(s) responsible for the IFN-λ action showed that although IFN-λ had little effect on HIV-1 entry receptor CD4 and co-receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 expression, IFN-λ inhibited HIV-I infection of macrophages through connecting with IFN-λ recep-tor. Conclusion IFN-λ could inhibit HIV-I replication in macrophages. These findings indicate that IFN-λ may have a therapeutic value in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

This study reported a 50-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with anti-IgLON family member 5(anti-IgLON5)antibody-related encephalopathy,presented with cognitive and sleep disorders,autonomic dysfunction and seizures,positive serum IgLON5 antibody but negative cerebro-spinal fluid IgLON5 antibody,negative human leukocyte antigen(HLA)by genetic testing,and was diagnosed as anti-IgLON5 antibody-related encephalopathy.After hospital admission,the patient was given intravenous methylprednisolone combined with immunoglobulin immunotherapy,donepezil for improvement of cognition,sodium valproate and oxcarbazepine for prevention and treatment of epilep-tic seizures,and finally her symptoms improved significantly.

This study reported a 50-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with anti-IgLON family member 5(anti-IgLON5)antibody-related encephalopathy,presented with cognitive and sleep disorders,autonomic dysfunction and seizures,positive serum IgLON5 antibody but negative cerebro-spinal fluid IgLON5 antibody,negative human leukocyte antigen(HLA)by genetic testing,and was diagnosed as anti-IgLON5 antibody-related encephalopathy.After hospital admission,the patient was given intravenous methylprednisolone combined with immunoglobulin immunotherapy,donepezil for improvement of cognition,sodium valproate and oxcarbazepine for prevention and treatment of epilep-tic seizures,and finally her symptoms improved significantly.

Objective:To optimize key parameters based on microwave assisted rapid staining technique for ultrathin section and establish a rapid ultrathin section preparing method .Methods:Ultrathin sections were stained respectively with 1% uranium acetate (UA) and lead citrate (LC) for different duration at various microwave power using microwave tissue processor. Then transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs of cellular ultrastructure were taken and analyzed. The optimized single staining parameters were decided and combined to investigate the optimal microwave assisted UA and LC double staining conditions. The rapid staining effects of ultrathin sections were verified in different viruses including human adenovirus 5 (HAd5), herpes simplex virus (HSV), H1N1 influenza virus, enterovirus 71(EV-A71)human infected cells samples.Results:The optimized microwave assisted rapid ultrathin section staining parameters are: UA for 30 s and LC for 20 s at power 200 W or UA for 30 s and LC for 30 s at 300 W using microwave tissue processor.1∶6 dilution of original LC concentration could still work well through microwave assistance. The parameters can be extended and applied to domestic microwave ovens, and the optimized staining parameters are UA for 30 s and LC for 30 s at 320 W.Conclusions:The optimized parameters of microwave assisted rapid ultrathin section staining were obtained and can be applied in not only cell samples but also different virus ultrathin sections.