Objective: To understand the prevalence and epidemiological features of anemia during pregnancy in China. Methods: The literature retrieval was conducted by using China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database (CSTJ), PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase database. The time was from January 2012 to October 2017, and the language was limited to Chinese and English. The Chinese and corresponding English search terms included pregnancy, anemia, epidemiology and prevalence. Results: A total of 28 papers were included. The total number of participants investigated was 58 752, with 11 588 cases with anemia during pregnancy identified. The overall prevalence of anemia during pregnancy was 19.9% (95%CI: 16.3%-23.5%). The prevalence varied in anemia with different levels. The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anemia were 15.9% (95%CI: 11.7%-20.2%), 5.7% (95%CI: 4.5%-6.8%) and 1.3% (95%CI: 0.8%-1.8%) respectively. The prevalence of mild anemia was highest and the prevalence of severe anemia was lowest. The prevalence of anemia increased with gestational weeks. The prevalence of anemia at the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy were 10.1% (95%CI: 6.2%-14.0%), 26.7% (95%CI: 18.0%-35.5%) and 28.1% (95%CI: 21.0%-35.1%) respectively. Both degree and gestational week subgroup analysis showed a significant difference among groups (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among subgroups of cut-off year, region, resident area, age, education level and parity (P>0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in China had remained at a low level during the past 5 years. The prevalence of mild anemia was higher than that of moderate and severe anemia. The prevalence of anemia in women at the second and third trimester of pregnancy was higher than that at the first trimester of pregnancy. Women at the second and third trimester of pregnancy should be attached a great importance in the prevention and control of anemia during pregnancy.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis and the greatest challenge that we are currently facing. The key to the management of infectious diseases worldwide is to abide by international regulations and conduct international cooperation in pursuit of common interests and values. WHO is the specialized international organization, under the United Nations system, to manage and control the spread of diseases. This study Summecrizes the WHO’s response mechanisms for infectious diseases, response measures and the direction of efforts to combat COVID-19, with a view to provide advices for the control of COVID-19 pandemic.

Plague is listed by the WHO as one of 20 infectious diseases that have re-emerged. Plague was prevalent in the world, bringing great disaster to the people around the world. Nowadays, great achievements have been made in the prevention and control of plague in our country. Human plague in China is currently sporadic, but there are still risks of resurgence spread and importation. This paper reviews the incidence of human plague globally and in China in the past ten years, summarizes the characteristics of current plague epidemic globally and in China, analyzes the current risks of plague prevention in China, and puts forward relevant countermeasures.

Objective:To observe the histopathological changes in peripheral retinal lesions under intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT).Methods:A retrospective case series study. Eighty-eight patients (194 eyes) who underwent vitreoretinal surgery in the Department of Ophthalmology at the East Ward of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from October 2021 to May 2022 in 94 eyes were included in the study. Among them, 49 cases were male and 39 cases were female, with the mean age of (50.93±17.55) years. Ninety-four eyes included 32 eyes with retinal detachment, 6 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 28 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage, 8 eyes with ocular trauma, 14 eyes with the macular lesion, 1 eye with uveitis, 1 eye with family exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), 1 eye with acute retinal necrosis (ARN), and 3 eyes with lens dislocation. All affected eyes were examined with iOCT during vitreoretinal surgery. The iOCT scanning of the peripheral retina was performed with the help of episcleral pressure. The pre-equatorial and serrated edge anterior and posterior of retinas were scanned according to the characteristics of different fundus diseases. Various abnormal fundus manifestations were recorded.Results:In 94 eyes, 53 eyes (56.38%, 53/94) have different types of retinopathy in the peripheral retina. Of these, 7 eyes (7.45%) have retinal cystoid degeneration; 19 eyes (20.21%) have lattice degeneration; and 8 eyes (8.51%) have pigment degeneration; 9 eyes (9.57%) have pavement-like degeneration; 7 eyes (7.45%) have small occult holes; 1 eye (1.06%) has familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) serrated edge "dyke-like" proliferative degeneration; 4 eyes (4.26%) have vitreous and retinopathy adhesions; and one eye (1.06%) has ARN.Conclusion:With clear refractive media, iOCT can provide clear scans of different peripheral retinal lesions.

Objective:To understand the epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS and its change trend in the Belt and Road countries and provide evidence for the improvement of prevention and control of the cross-border transmission of HIV/AIDS.Methods:The 145 countries that have signed the cooperation document of the Belt and Road initiative with China were selected in our study. Age-standardized incidence rate and prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the 145 countries from 2013 to 2019 were downloaded from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Age-standardized incidence rate and prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in 2019 were used to describe the HIV/AIDS epidemics in 145 countries, and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of incidence was calculated to analyze the trend of HIV/AIDS incidence from 2013 to 2019.Results:In 2019, Africa had the highest proportion of countries with HIV/AIDS incidence exceeding 40.00 per 100 000 (56.86%, 29/51), and Asia had the lowest proportion (5.41%, 2/37). The countries with the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS exceeding 100.00 per 10 000 were almost distributed in Africa, accounting for 20.69% (30/145). From 2013 to 2019, the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS increased in 50 countries, accounting for 34.48% (50/145). The incidence rate of HIV/AIDS showed downward trends in 69 countries (47.59%, 69/145), and showed no significant change in 26 countries (17.93%, 26/145). The most obvious increase of incidence rate of HIV/AIDS was observed in Comoros (EAPC=15.60, 95% CI: 5.84-26.26) and the most obvious decrease was observed in Burundi (EAPC=-14.27, 95% CI: -15.21 to -13.31). Conclusions:In the Belt and Road countries, the most severe disease burden of HIV/AIDS was observed in countries in Africa, and the incidences of HIV/AIDS increased rapidly in some European countries, which means the risk of cross-border transmission still exists. Hence, the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in China should be further strengthened in the future.

Objective:To analyze the epidemic situation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in 2019 and the incidence trends from 2013 to 2019 in the Belt and Road countries.Methods:The 145 countries that have signed cooperation documents of the Belt and Road Initiative with China were selected. Age-standardized incidence and prevalence rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from the Global Burden of Disease Study were used to describe the epidemic situation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in 2019. The annual percentage changes of the age-standardized incidence rate were calculated to assess incidence trends of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from 2013 to 2019.Results:In 2019, of the 145 countries, Somalia had the highest incidence rate (30.42 per 100 000) and prevalence rate (48.86 per 100 000) of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, while Slovenia had the lowest incidence rate (0.01 per 100 000) and prevalence rate (0.01 per 100 000). The incidence trends of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in six continents from 2013 to 2019 were as follows: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis incidence rates showed increasing trends in 14 countries (27.45%) and decreasing trends in 22 countries (43.14%) in Africa, showed increasing trends in 2 countries (18.18%) and decreasing trends in 3 countries (27.27%) in North America and showed increasing trends in 2 countries (5.41%) and decreasing trends in 23 countries (62.16%) in Asia. The increasing trends were observed in Europe, Oceania, and South America, but it was found that 26 countries (96.30%) in Europe, 2 countries (18.18%) in Oceania, and 1 country (12.50%) in South America had decreasing trends of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis incidence rates.Conclusion:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is endemic in 145 Belt and Road countries with the prevalence increasing year by year in some countries in central and southern Africa and decreasing in European countries except Ukraine.

Objective:To analyze epidemic situation of dengue fever in 2019 and the incidence trends from 2013 to 2019 in the Belt and Road countries.Methods:We used age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) which was from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to describe the epidemic situation of dengue fever in 2019. The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC) of the ASR was calculated to assess dengue fever incidence trends from 2013 to 2019.Results:The 2019 GBD dengue fever incidence records showed that in 145 Belt and Road countries, 93 (64.14%) countries had dengue fever epidemics. In 2019, there were 11 countries with the incidence >3 000.00 per 100 000, including 9 countries in Oceania; 16 countries with the incidence of 1 000.00 per 100 000-2 999.99 per 100 000, including 10 countries in Asia. The incidence rates in most countries in Africa (58.14%,25/43), North America (72.73%,8/11) and South America (66.67%,4/6) ranged from 500.00 per 100 000 to 999.99 per 100 000. The incidence rates of dengue fever in 90.00% (9/10) of countries in Oceania showed increasing trend, and the increasing trend in Fiji was most obvious (EAPC=18.22,95% CI:12.91-23.77), and the incidence rates of dengue fever in 18.18% (4/22) of countries in Asia showed increasing trend, the increasing trend in the Philippines was most obvious (EAPC=3.09,95% CI:1.74-4.45), and the incidence rates of dengue fever in 4.65% (2/43) of countries in Africa showed increasing trend, and the increasing trend in Seychelles was most obvious (EAPC=18.20,95% CI:7.82-29.58). The incidence rates of dengue fever showed no increasing trend in countries in South America and North America. Conclusions:In 2019, more than 60% of the Belt and Road countries had dengue fever epidemics. The incidences of dengue fever were high and showed increasing trends in most Oceanian countries, but the dengue fever epidemics in the countries in Asia, Africa and Americas were relatively mild.

Objective:To understand the epidemic situation of malaria and its change trend in the Belt and Road countries.Methods:The 145 countries with which China has signed cooperation documents on the Belt and Road Initiative were selected for this study, and their malaria incidence data were collected from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) was used to describe the epidemic situation of malaria in 2019. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of the ASR was calculated to assess the incidence trend of malaria from 2013 to 2019.Results:Among the 145 countries, 74 (51.03%) countries had malaria epidemics, mainly in Africa (60.81%, 45/74) and Asia (22.97%, 17/74). The countries with malaria incidence of ≥10 000 per 100 000 in 2019 were mainly distributed in Africa (96.15%, 25/26). From 2013 to 2019, the incidence rates of malaria showed decreasing trends in 32 countries (43.24%), and the incidence rates of malaria in 23 countries (31.08%) showed no significant change, while the incidence rates of malaria in 19 countries (25.68%) showed increasing trends. The obvious increasing trends were observed in Cape Verde (EAPC=151.46, 95% CI: 47.15-329.71), South Africa (EAPC=98.61, 95% CI: 32.11-198.58) and Namibia (EAPC=78.03, 95% CI: 54.30-105.42). Conclusion:About half of the Belt and Road countries had malaria epidemics in 2019, in which 1/4 had increased incidence of malaria. China should continue to strengthen the prevention and control of malaria, especially imported malaria, to maintain the achievements of malaria elimination

Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect of autologous neurosensory retinal transplantation in repairing unhealed giant macular hole after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).Methods:A prospective clinical study. From July 2022 to December 2023, 12 patients (12 eyes) with refractory large macular hole who received autologous neurosensory retinal transplantation treatment in Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were selected for the study. The macular hole in affected eyes still did not close after PPV combined with inner limiting membrane removal or tamponade, and the diameter of macular hole were greater than 600 μm. All affected eyes received best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. The BCVA examination employed the international standard visual acuity chart, with results converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity for statistical analysis. During the surgery, a piece of healthy retinal neuroepithelial tissue, approximately 0.3 optic disc diameters larger than the macular hole, was removed from the upper retinal periphery and used as a graft. The graft was inserted into the macular hole with the aid of intraoperative OCT. Post-surgery, the vitreous cavity was filled with silicone oil or sterile air. The follow-up period after surgery was 6 months. The thickness of the retinal grafts was measured using the same equipment as before surgery at 3 days, 1, 3, and 6 months post-surgery. The primary focus was on observing the macular hole closure rate and changes in BCVA at 6 months post-operation. A paired t-test was used to compare BCVA before and after surgery. Results:In the sample of 12 cases (12 eyes), there were 5 males with 5 eyes and 7 females with 7 eyes. The mean age was (50.4±12.6) years. The mean macular hole diameter was (1 085.6±344.0) μm; The mean eye axis length was (27.64±4.19) mm. At 6 months after surgery, all affected eyes showed macular hole were completely closed (100.0%, 12/12). The thickness of the retinal graft was measured as (206.8±21.0), (170.8±23.3), (165.6±31.6), and (157.9±31.1) μm at 3 days, 1, 3, and 6 months post-surgery, respectively. At before and 6 months after surgery, the logMAR BCVA of the affected eyes was 1.28±0.39 and 0.95±0.22, respectively. The difference in logMAR BCVA before and after surgery was statistically significant ( t=3.40, P<0.05). Conclusion:Autologous neurosensory retinal transplantation could effectively improve the closure rate of refractory large macular hole and improve or stabilize vision in the short run.