This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and other aspects of Picrorhizae Rhizoma by referring to the medical books， prescription books， and other documents of the past dynasties， combined with relevant modern research materials， in order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this medicinal herb. The research results indicate that Picrorhizae Rhizoma was first recorded in New Revised Materia Medica from the Tang dynasty. Throughout history， Huhuanglian has been used as its official name， and there are also aliases such as Gehu Luze， Jiahuanglian and Hulian. The main source of past dynasties is the the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurrooa and P. scrophulariiflora. In ancient times， Picrorhizae Rhizoma was mainly imported by foreign traders via Guangzhou and other regions， and also produced in China， mainly in Xizang. In ancient times， it was harvested and dried in early August of the lunar calendar， while in modern times， it is mostly harvested from July to September， with the best quality being those with thick and crispy rhizomes without impurities， and bitter taste. Throughout history， Picrorhizae Rhizoma was collected， washed， sliced， and dried before being used as a raw material for medicine， it has a bitter and cold taste， mainly used to treat bone steaming， hot flashes， infantile chancre fever， and dysentery. There is no significant difference in taste and efficacy between ancient and modern times. Based on the research results， it is recommended that the rhizomes of P. scrophulariiflora in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， or the rhizomes of P. kurrooa， can be used in famous classical formulas containing this medicinal herb， which can be processed according to the processing requirements marked by the original formula. For those without clear processing requirements， the dried raw products are used as medicine.

BACKGROUND:In the initial stage of multiple sclerosis,central immune cells activate and release a large number of inflammatory factors,causing white matter demyelination and even involving gray matter neurons.The equilibrium of differentiation between different subsets of CD4+ T cells plays an important role in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.The previous results of the research group showed that the active ingredient astragalus glycoprotein in astragalus can regulate the immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice,and whether it has a regulatory effect on the differentiation of T cell subsets has not been determined. OBJECTIVE:To explore the therapeutic effects and immune regulatory mechanisms of astragaloside IV on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. METHODS:Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into the normal control group,experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group,and astragaloside IV treatment group(n=8 per group).Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55 were used for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model induction in the last two groups.On day 10 to 28 after immunization,the astragaloside IV treatment group was treated with 40 mg/kg per day astragaloside IV intragastrically.Body weight and clinical scores of mice in each group were recorded from the immunization day to the 28th day.On the 28th day after immunization,the mouse spinal cord was taken and made into frozen sections for hematoxylin-eosin staining and Lux fast blue staining to observe pathological changes in the spinal cord.Percentage of splenic T cell subsets was detected using flow cytometry.Western blot assay was used to determine the protein expression of interferon-γ,interleukin-17 and interleukin-6 in the spinal cord.Levels of interferon-γ,interleukin-17,interleukin-6 and interleukin-4 in supernatants of cultured splenocytes were determined by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group,astragaloside IV could reduce the degree of weight loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice(P<0.05),ameliorate clinical symptoms(P<0.05),inhibit the infiltration of inflammatory cells and alleviate myelin loss(P<0.01,P<0.05).(2)Compared with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group,astragaloside IV could inhibit the proportion of CD4+T cell subsets expressing interferon-γ(P<0.001)and interleukin-17(P<0.001),but increase percentages of CD4+ interleukin-10+(P<0.001)and CD4+ transforming growth factor-β+(P<0.01)T cell subsets.(3)Astragaloside IV could inhibit the expression of interferon-γ(P<0.05,P<0.01),interleukin-17(P<0.05,P<0.05),and interleukin-6(P<0.05,P<0.05)in the spinal cord and spleen,and up-regulate the expression of interleukin-4(P<0.01)in spleen.(4)These findings confirm that astragaloside IV alleviates clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice,which may be related to regulating the splenic T cell subsets,therefore,inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the center and reducing the demyelination.

The study was designed to investigate the peripheral anti-inflammatory effect of nicotinamide riboside(NR)in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)mice and its mechanisms.Female C57BL/6 mice were induced by MOG35-55 to prepare EAE model,which then randomly divided into EAE model group and NR treatment group.Mice in EAE model group were given normal saline at a dose of 200 μl/d and mice in NR treatment group were given NR at a dose of 500 mg/kg(200 μl/d)by intragastric administration.Clinical score and body weight of mice in each group were observed and recorded.After mice were sacrificed on the 28th day after immunization,frozen sections of spleen and spinal cord were prepared and proteins of spinal cord were extracted.HE staining was used to detect peripheral inflammatory cells infiltrating spinal cord;immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the number of CD4+T cells and CD68+macrophages in spinal cord of mice;Western blot was used to detect the expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β in spinal cord of mice;immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the number of ROCK-Ⅰ+cells,TLR4+cells,p-NF-κB+cells,TNF-α+cells,IL-1β+cells,IFN-γ+cells,IL-6+cells,IL-10+cells,IL-17+cells,iNOS+cells and Arg-1+cells in spleen of mice.Data showed that compared with EAE model group,NR significantly delayed the onset time of EAE mice(P<0.05),decreased clinical score(P<0.05 or P<0.01),alleviated weight loss,prevented peripheral inflammatory cells from infiltrating spinal cord,decreased the number of CD4+T cells and CD68+macrophages in spinal cord(P<0.01),down-regulated the expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β of spinal cord(P<0.05),inhibited the expression of ROCK-Ⅰ,TLR4 and p-NF-κB in spleen of mice(P<0.01),reduced the secretion of IFN-γ,iNOS,IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory factors in spleen(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and increased the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors Arg-1 and IL-10 in spleen(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In conclusion,NR can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of EAE mice and significantly reduce inflammatory response of peripheral and central nervous system,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in spleen of EAE mice.

Objective: To investigate the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B1(eIF2B1) in HCC and its correlation with clinical prognosis. Methods: Through the follow⁃up of the clinical data of 743 hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the specimen bank ,91 HBV⁃related liver cancer patients with complete follow⁃up information were screened out , and their postoperative tumor tissues were selected. Meanwhile , the adjacent tumor tissues with a distance of more than 2 cm from the tumor margin were collected to make tissue chips. Western blot and immunohistochemical experiments were performed. Image J was used to analyze the proportion of positive cells stained by tissue chip and the gray value of Western blot results. Clinical data and follow⁃up data of included patients were statistically analyzed by R4. 0. 5 software. Results: Immunohistochemical results suggested that eIF2B1 was more strongly expressed in HCC than in para⁃cancerous tissues. Western blot results showed that eIF2B1 was more strongly expressed in HepG2. 2. 15 cells than in HepG2 cells. The expression of eIF2B1 in HCC tissues was correlated with tumor number (P < 0. 05) . Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that the expression of eIF2B1 was an independent risk factor for the overall clinical prognosis of HBV⁃DNA positive patients (HR = 4. 28 ,P = 0. 018) . Conclusion The expression of eIF2B1 is significantly enhanced in HBV⁃associated HCC tissues and is significantly associated with overall survival in HBV DNA positive patients.

Objective:To explore the effect of adaptive nursing based on one point and two sources on the psychological resilience and self-care of patients with arrhythmia.Methods:From December 2020 to May 2021, patients with arrhythmias in Beijing Anzhen Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University were selected by convenience sampling as research objects. The patients admitted from December 2020 to February 2021 were set in the control group ( n=163) , and the patients admitted from March to May 2021 were set in the observation group ( n=175) . The control group received routine nursing, while the observation group received adaptive nursing based on one point and two sources on the basis of the control group. The scores of the Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Exercise of Self-care Agency (ESEA) were compared between the two groups before and after intervention. Results:Before the intervention, there were no significant differences in the scores of CD-RISC and ESEA between the two groups ( P>0.05) . After intervention, the scores of CD-RISC and ESEA in the observation group were statistically higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:Adaptive nursing based on one point and two sources can effectively improve the psychological resilience of patients with arrhythmia, and improve their self-care, which is worth popularizing in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE： To study the anti-inflammatory and detumescent pharmacodynamic material basis of Jingyaokang capsule， and to provide reference for secondary development， the establishment of quality control method and technological upgrading of the preparations. METHODS： The constituents of Jingyaokang capsule were extracted and separated with different solvents and macroporous adsorption resin to obtain constituent A （overall enrichment part）， constituent B （chloroform extraction part）， constituent C （water-course part） and constituent D （elution part of 60％ ethanol）. Using dexamethasone acetate as positive control， the anti-inflammatory and detumescent effects of Jingyaokang capsule and different extraction parts （constituents A， B， C， D） were investigated by mice ear edema and rat paw edema tests to screen the active fraction. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was used to analyze active constituent， identify compounds and attribute medicinal material. RESULTS： Anti-inflammatory and detumescent effects of constituent B （chloroform extraction part）+constituent D （elution part of 60％ ethanol） were similar to those of Jingyaokang capsule in rats or mice， indicating both had synergistic anti-inflammatory and detumescent effects and were active constituents of Jingyaokang capsule. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS detection and identification showed that constituent B contained 13 compounds as strychnine， phellodendrine， periplogenin， tetraketone alcohol， 11-carbonyl-β-mastic acid， attributing to Strychnos nux-vomica， Stephania tetrandra， Periploca sepium， Lycopodium japonicum， Boswellia carterii， etc. Constituent D contained 7 compounds as adenine， hydroxysafflower yellow A， phellodendrine， neoeriocitrin， zingibroside R1， attributing to rainworm， Carthamus tinctorius， Stephania tetrandra， Davallia mariesii， Achyranthes bidentata， etc. CONCLUSIONS： Jingyaokang capsule shows the significant anti-inflammation and detumescent effects. The  chloroform extraction part is synergistic with 60％ ethanol elution part， which are the active constituents of anti-inflammation and detumescence，mainly including alkaloids， flavonoids and boswellic acids.

Objective To investigate the application of 3-D scanning in the diagnosis and evaluation of pectus excava-tum.Methods From July 2016 to June 2017, chest CT concomitant 3-D scanning were performed in 90 pectus excavatum pa-tients before Nuss procudure.Another 30 cases underwent chest CT scanning for non-chest deformity causes were chosen as a control group.The transverse and anterior-posterior maximum diameter through the deepest point of chest wall deformity were measured.The surface topography index and Haller index were calculated respectively .Results There was a positive correla-tion between CT and 3-D scanning diameters of the transverse and anterior-posterior maximum diameters, and consistency rates were 94% and 82%, respectively.There was significant difference between pectus excavatum group 1.82 ±0.21 and control group 1.41 ±0.07 in the STI(P<0.001).There was a positive correlation between Haller index 5.12 ±3.36 and STI 1.82 ± 0.21, and consistency rate was 89%.The Delong's test showed no significant difference between ROC of HI and STI(Z =1.18, P=0.28).Conclusion 3-D scanning and STI of pectus excavatum is a validated alternative for CT and Haller index, especially in the infant and non-surgical treatment PE cases.

OBJECTIVE:To establish HPLC fingerprint of Zhenqi fuzheng granules. METHODS:HPLC-ELSD method was ad-opted. The determination was performed on Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-wa-ter(gradient elution)at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with column temperature of 40 ℃. The detector evaporation temperature was 50℃,and sample size was 10μL. Using specnuezhenide as reference,HPLC chromatograms of 7 batches of Zhenqi fuzheng gran-ules were determined. The identification and similarity evaluation of common peaks were conducted by using the TCM Chromato-graphic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System(2004 A edition). RESULTS:There were 13 common peaks in HPLC chromato-grams of 7 batches of samples. After validated,the similarity of 3 batches of samples in HPLC chromatograms of 7 batches of sam-ples were higher than 0.9,which were in good agreement with control fingerprints. The similarity of 4 batches of samples were <0.9,which were poorly same to control fingerprint. CONCLUSIONS:Established fingerprint can provide reference for quality evalu-ation of Zhenqi fuzheng granules.

Objective:To study the effects of compound schisandra extracts (CSE) (schisandra,astragalus,acanthopanax,and rhodiola)on the exhaustive swimming time and the levels of blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum lactic acid(LD),liver glycogen and muscle glycogene,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,and malonaldehyde(MDA) level in the mice and to charify its anti-fatigue effect and the mechanism.Methods:Eighty male ICR mice were randomly divided into blank control group,50 mg·kg-1 CSE group,100 mg·kg-1 CSE group,and 200 mg·kg-1CSE group;there were 20 mice in each group.The mice were administered orally for 30 d.Then 10 mice were randomly selected for exhaustive swimming test in each group and the exhaustive swimming time of the mice was recorded.The remaining 10 mice in each group were used for 90 min swimming,then all the mice were sacrificed and the blood and tissue samples were taken for the measurement of the levels of BUN,LD,liver glycogen and muscle glycogen,the SOD activity and MDA level;the total inhibitory rate of oxidation of CSE in vitro was determined by linoleic acid-ferric thiocyanate method.Results:Compared with blank control group,the exhaustive swimming time of the mice in 50,100,and 200 mg·kg-1 CSE groups were significantly increased (P<0.01);the levels of BUN and LD of the mice in 100 and 200 mg·kg-1 CSE groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the levels of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen of the mice in 100 and 200 mg·kg-1 groups were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);whereas the SOD activities were significantly increased and the levels of MDA were decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with 100 mg·kg-1 CSE group,the levels of serum BUN and LD of the mice in 200 mg·kg-1 CSE group were decreased (P<0.01),and the levels of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen were increased(P<0.05).The total inhibitory rate of oxidation of 5 g·L-1CSE was 76.94%.Conclusion:CSE has an anti-fatigue effect and the mechanism may be related to anti-oxidation effect.

Objective To explore influence of Naoxintong capsule combined with edaravone on clinical efficacy and vascular endothelial function of patients with type-2 diabetes complicated with cerebral infarction.Methods 80 cases of patients with type-2 diabetes complicated with cerebral infarction treated in Shengsi People's Hospital in Zhejiang from January 2014 to January 2016 were selected as the objects, and were divided into control group and study group randomly, forty-one cases in each group.The control group were given edaravone treatment, and the study group were added Naoxintong capsule on the basis of the control group, treatment for two weeks in the two groups.Clinical therapeutic effect of the two groups and changes of TCM syndrome score before and after treatment were compared, and scores of nerve function defect and daily life ability were evaluated, and changes of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were detected, and endothelin ( ET-1 ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) , thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1(6-keto-PGF1) were tested before and after treatment in the two groups.Adverse reactions were observed in the two groups in treatment. Results The total effective rate of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05), and TCM syndrome scores of the two groups were significantly decreased after treatment in the two groups(P<0.05), which of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).After treatment, NIHSS score of the two groups significantly decreased(P<0.05), and ADL score significantly increased(P<0.05), and changes of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P <0.05).Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels significantly decreased in the two groups(P<0.05), which of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group ( P <0.05 ).Levels of ET-1 and TXB2 significantly decreased ( P <0.05 ) , levels of NO and 6-keto-PGF1 significantly increased ( P <0.05 ) , and changes in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups.Conclusion The effect is obvious of Naoxintong capsule combined with edaravone in treratment of patients with type-2 diabetes complicated with cerebral infarction, and can improve vascular endothelial function of patients.It can be widely used in clinical.