Teaching and research section of orthodontics of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University took the lead in carrying out ‘ three early education' Students of stomatology in Chongqing Medical University established ‘ social practice volunteer team' and conducted ‘ three early education' in orthodontic clinic during winter,summer holiday and weekend.This let students of low grades contact with society,clinical practice and scientific research at early stage thus to comprehensively improve their overall quality.Questionnaire for student volunteers of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University showed that ‘ three early education' can effectively improve medical students' comprehensive quality.In the early stages of learning for students of stomatology,we cultivated students' occupation spirit,innovation consciousness,scientific literacy,clinical thinking and teamwork ability by strengthening training of students' social practice ability,communication ability,organization and coordination ability,professional interests,professional senses of belonging,team spirit and moral emotion.We achieved certain results and our experiences are worth extending.

Objective To investigate the apoptosis effect of ischemic postconditioning on levels of IL-6 and ATP during renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in obstructive jaundice rats. Methods One hundred SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the Sham control group , I/R group , OJ-Sham group , OJ-I/R group , and OJ- I/R+IPO group, with 20 cases in each group. According to the time after ischemia/reperfusion, each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 5), with reperfusion time of 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, respectively. After 1 week of biliary obstruction , rats were sacrificed at 0 h , 1 h , 3 h , 6 h post-I/R , and the left kidneys were taken, renal tissue was used for determination of the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and adenosinetriphosphate (ATP). Results Compared with the OJ-I/R group, the serum level of BUN,Cr decreased significantly in the OJ-I/R-IPO group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Ischemic postconditioning can reduce the injury of kidney ischemia-reperfusion in OJ rais , which may be related to the reduced inflammation reaction and the energy metabolism in the kidney.

Objective To study the inhibition effects of various gastrin-shNAs on gastrin expression in gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Methods Four nucleotide sequences of shRNA were designed corresponding to various sites of gastrin gene.Four shRNAs were synthesized by in vitro transcription and transfected into gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 at the final concentration of 10nmol/L,20nmol/L,40nmol/L and 80nmol/L respectively.In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry techniques were applied to investigate the inhibition of gastrin expression and screen the most effective shRNA.The inhibitory effect on gastrin mRNA of screened shRNA was further identified by RT-PCR.MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of 4 shRNAs at various final concentrations on the growth of BGC-823 cells. Results The gastrin mRNA and protein exression were suppressed distinctly 24,48,and 72hours after transfection,and exhibited time-and concentration-dependent tendency.The highest suppression efficiency on both mRNA(54.27?0.042)% and protein(41.69?0.038)% level occurred 72 hours later in the cells transfected with shRNAs.The RT-PCR result showed that the inhibitory ratio of shRNA3 on gastrin mRNA of BGC-823 was 48.1%.MTT displayed a proliferative inhibition of the BGC-823 cells after transfection of shRNAs with a concentration-denpendent tendency except the shRNA4 treated cells.Conclusion Four gastrin-shRNAs showed a significant inhibition effect on gastrin expression of gastric cancer cell BGC-823 on mRNA and protein level.shRNAs might be the most effective gastrin-shRNA.Inhibited gastrin expression by shRNAs resulted in a significant decrease of proliferative ability of BGC-823 cells.

Objective To study the short-term clinical efficacy and its possible mechanism of refractory hypertension(RH) treated by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Thirty-four MHD patients with RH treated with CVVH enrolled in the treatment group,all these patients were treatment of 2 -3 times,each time 8 - 10 hours. Thirty MHD patients with wellcontroled blood pressure were recruited as control. Changes of blood pressure, dry weight, plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), renin ( RA), angiotensin Ⅰ , Ⅱ ( AT Ⅰ , AT Ⅱ ), aldosterone ( Ald ) were observed before and after hemodialysis. Results In the treatment group,compared with pre-treatment, the blood pressure decreased significantly with an effective rate of 64.7% and efficient rate of 100. 0%. Before treatment, plasma RA was ([1.10 ±0.25] μg/(L · h)and [0:78 ±0.26] μg/(L · h),AT Ⅰ was [0.89 ±0.21] μg/L and [ 0. 52 ± 0. 14 ] μg/L, AT Ⅱ was [ 177.68 ± 89.46 ] ng/L and [ 89. 25 ± 12. 84 ] ng/L, Ald was [72. 06 ± 11.47 ]ng/L and [ 48.92 ± 8. 65 ] ng/L, PTH was [ 306. 81 ± 69. 37 ] ng/L and [ 248.76 ± 134. 62 ] ng/L in the treatment and control group respectively. All the measurements in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0. 05 ). In the treatment group, compared to pre-treatment, plasma RA significantly decreased ( [ 1.10 ± 0. 25 ]μg/ ( L · h) vs [ 0. 76 ± 0. 17 ] μg/( L · h ), as well as AT Ⅰ ( [ 0. 89 ±0.21]μg/L vs [0.50 ±0.12] μg/L),ATⅡ([177.68±89.46]ng/L vs [ 87.13±14.22] ng/L),Ald ([72.06±11.47]ng/Lvs [ 46. 01± 9. 86 ] ng/L ) and PTH ( [ 306. 81 ±69.37]ng/L vs [ 186.53 ±32.93 ] ng/L) ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). However, there was no significant changes in the above mentioned measurements between before and after hemodialysis in the control group (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusion CVVH may be an effective methods in the treatment of MHD patients with RH, and its antihypertensive mechanisms may be that CVVH can effectively remove the excess water in the body, and reduce plasma RA, AT Ⅰ , AT Ⅱ ,Ald and PTH levels.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the enantioselectivity of norgestrel (NG) transdermal permeation and the potential influence of linalool and lipids on the enantioselectivity. In vitro skin permeation studies of NG across the excised rat skins were performed with Valia-Chien diffusion cells, and the permeation samples were analyzed by enantioselective HPLC. The possible enantioselective permeation of NG across intact rat back skin and lipids extracted rat back skin and the influence of linalool were evaluated. The skin permeation rate of dl-NG was two times higher than that of l-NG when donor solutions (EtOH/H2O 2 : 8, v/v) containing l-NG or dl-NG. It may be mainly attributed to the solubility discrepancy between enantiomer and racemate. The enantioselective permeation of dl-NG across intact rat skin was observed when the donor solutions containing dl-linalool. The permeation flux of l-NG was 22% higher than that of d-NG. But interestingly, the enantioselective permeation of dl-NG disappeared under the same experimental condition except that the lipid extracted rat skin was used. Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of stratum corneum showed that the wave number for asymmetric CH2 stretching vibrations of lipids treated with dl-linalool was greater than that of the control. The results indicated that the enantioselective permeation of NG may be contributed by the interaction between dl-linalool and lipids. More than half of lipids were composed of ceramides. The stereospecific interaction maybe existed among chiral enhancer (linalool), lipids (ceramides) and/or chiral drugs (NG).

Objective To investigate the pathogen distribution and susceptibility profile of fungal isolates from bloodstream infections,and valuate the clinical utility of G test in diagnosis of fungal infections for the purpose to improve antifungal therapy.Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out to analyze the fungal pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during the period from January 2013 through December 2015 and their antimicrobial susceptibility.Results A total of 114 fungal strains were isolated from bloodstream infections during the 3-year period,most of which were Candida (99/114,86.8％),especially Candida albicans (30.7％).About 41.2％ (47/114) of the fungal strains were isolated from Department of Thoracic Surgery (10,5 and 4 strains in 2013,2014 and 2015),Hematology (11 strains in 2014),and ICU (7 strains in 2014).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the fungal strains (100％) were susceptible to amphotericin B,but 83.5％ susceptible to itraconazole (the lowest).G test was positive before the result of blood culture in 13 of the 54 patients who received G test.Conclusions Candida was the most common fungus in fungal bloodstream infection.Amphotericin B is the most active antifungal agent in vitro.Blood culture combined with serological test can provide clinicians an earlier and reliable diagnosis.

Objective To observe the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and the inhibitory and dispersive effects of betaine on the biofilm.Methods The inhibitory and dispersive effects of 0.1％ betaine on the biofilm from 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined by crystal violet assay.Results All the 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus formed biofilm.The biofilm of methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was formed in 24 hours with peak value of absorbance (A590 nm) (1.99 ± 0.53).The biofilm of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus atureus(MRSA) was formed in 48 hours with peak value of absorbance(A590 nm) (1.13 ±0.47).After adding betaine,the absorbance(A590 nm) of MSSA biofilm fell down to(1.74 ± 0.61) in 24 hours,while the absorbance(A590 nm) of MRSA biofilm fell down to(0.40 ± 0.12) in 48 hours,which was significantly reduced compared with the controls (t =2.43,5.84,P ＜ 0.05 respectively).When adding betaine after the biofilm formed,the absorbancies (A590 nm) of both MSSA and MRSA showed no significant difference compared with the controls (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Betaine could inhibit biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus at concentration of 0.1％,but it could not disperse the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical gram-negative bacterial isolates in the First Afifliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during 2014.Methods Bacteria identiifcation was performed by API system or the VITEK-2 Compact automatic identiifcation system. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing or VITEK-2 Compact automatic identification system was used to determine the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. All data were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software.Results Among the total 7 931 clinical isolates in 2014, gram-negative bacteria accounted for 64.2% (5 088/7 931). The top three pathogens wereE. coli,A. baumannii andK. pneumoniae. Notably, during the year 2014, 195 strains of carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceaewere isolated, about 6.9% of all theEnterobacteriaceae isolates. Meanwhile, 613 (66.5%) strains of multiple drug resistantA. baumannii and 197 (28.7%) strains of multiple drug resistantP. aeruginosa were isolated.Conclusion During the year 2014, the resistance of the gram-negative bacteria in this hospital is mainly characterized by carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae, multiple drug resistant A. baumanniiand multiple drug resistantP. aeruginosa. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is beneifcial for rational use of antibiotics.

Objective To review our experience in correction of pectus excavatum.by Nuss procedure without thoracoscopic assistance.Methods 412 patients with pectus excavatum were surgically corrected using Nuss technique without thoracoscopic assistance.There were 329 boys and 83 girls with average age of 7 years and 8 months ( range from 2 years and 8 months to 28 yeats and 5 months).The bars were removed after surgery in 102 patients.Results The operation in all patients had been performed successfully without any severe complications The average time of the operation was 40 minutes.The average blood lose during operation was ( 10 ±2) ml.Conclusion Nuss procedure without thoracoscopic assistance is safety and effective.It could be minimize the trauma and shorter operating time.

n positive blood culture, and they are resistant to a variety of antimicrobial agents, which should be called attention.