Cardiovascular disease is a common complication of type 2 diabetes,causing considerable fatality.Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are new drugs for treatment of diabetes.Current studies have demonstrated that these drugs play an important role in cardiovascular protection.DPP-4 inhibitors can lower blood pressure,regulate blood lipid,and suppress inflammation and atherosclerosis.Treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors results in reduced size of myocardial infarct,reduced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,increased myocardial cell regeneration,and improved heart function,etc.Recent studies have also found that DPP-4 inhibitors are able to mobilize progenitor cells to the sites of cardiovascular injury and thus to promote tissue repair.

The patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus are increasing, which has become one of the most daunting causes of sickness and death in China. "China Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes"(2007 Edition) is prepared by the Chinese Diabetes Society on the basis of new evidence related to prevention of both diabetes and its complications, the update guidelines of many international organizations, as well as the clinical practice in China. The diagnostic criteria for dysglycemia in China are pointed out. The importance of not only diabetes prevention and management but also multifactorial intervention of cardiovascular risk factors is emphasized. More strict targets of glycemic control are recommended, however, the strategy of glycemic control should be based on pathophysiological features of Chinese diabetic population. The new guideline delivers the idea of "prevention-based control and standardized management". The guideline training program will foster the qualified health care providers and improve the process of diabetes care.

The novel drug class of Glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) analogue is extremely promising,since they can address many of the unmet needs of diabetes treatment. This article summarized physiological action of GLP-1 and delayed mechanisms of long-acting human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. Simultaneously, the latest basic and clinical research results of liraglutide were reported especially.

[Summary] Pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity and type 2 diabetes is complex . In recent years ,data has showed that guthormone in obesity and T 2DM patients has changed ,and guthormones such as GLP-1 ,GIP ,PYY ,CCK and ghrelin are strongly related to the development of obesity and diabetes , resulting in a series of metabolic disorders ,this may be one of causes of the development of obesity and T2DM. In recent years ,the guthormone-based treatments or therapies associated with guthormone have became one of the hot topics in the diabetes research. Currently ,some guthormone-based treatment shave been used in clinical treatment of diabetes. This paper is a literature review on the history of gut hormones ,and how it affect the development of diabetes and obesity ,as well as aspects of clinical practice.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by deteriorated β-cell function and progressive loss of β-cell mass. Pancreatic islets are a target of high concentrations of glucose, pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acid levels, which are associated with obesity, insulin resistance and β-cell apeptosis. Therapy targeting β-cell dysfunction is crucial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GLP-1, one of the incretin hormones, has been demonstrated to improve glycaemic control and β-cell function through its multiple physiological effects. In this review, the mechanisms involved in β-cell dysfunction and β-cell loss are addressed, and the updates in GLP-1 based therapy for the preservation of β-cell mass and β-cell function in type 2 diabetes are also reviewed.

Many studies have shown that aspirin can effectively reduce risks for atherothrombosis in diabetic patients.The most recent American Diabetes Association(ADA) guidelines and the China Guideline For Type 2 Diabetics recommended aspirin therapy in diabetic patients(with no contraindications) who are over the age of 40,and in those 30 to 40-year-old diabetic patients with any long existing CVD risk factors;the recommended dose is 100(75~162)mg/d.Aspirin is safe,and its cost-effective profile has been well-established also.

The Expert Committeeon the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus of American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended that the cut-point of the lower limit for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was changed from 6.1 mmol/L to 5.6 mmol/L, and the upper limit for IFG kept unchanged in November 2003. The result of the epidemiological data in Chinese population indicated that the recommended criteria from the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus of ADA appeared also appropriate to the Chinese population. When the cut-point of lower limit for IFG falls to 5.6 mmol/L, the number of subjects with higher risk of diabetes will be increased, which may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.

[Summary] As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people have diabetes mellitus ( DM) worldwide, which represents 8.3%of the adult population.China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance in 2010 shows that the overall prevalence of DM is estimated to be 11.6%(approximately 113.9 million) in the Chinese adult population, with the prevalence among men of 12.1%and women of 11.0%, respectively.Control of blood glucose is fundamental to DM management.Despite the availability of several antihyperglycemic agents, only 53%of patients with DM achieve the recommended goals for DM care of HbA1C<7.0%.According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey during the period of 10 years in the United States, 33.4%to 48.7%of persons with DM still have not met the targets for glycemic control, blood pressure or lipid level.In order to improve glycemic control, there is a need for new therapeutic options with innovative mechanisms of action and acceptable safety profiles.As a newly developed class of oral antidiabetic drugs, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2i) have recently been approved for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.Evidence from clinical trials has suggested promising efficacy and safety of SGLT2i when used as monotherapy or in combination with other antihyperglycemic medications.SGLT2i significantly reduce HbA1C and fasting plasma glucose, and are well tolerated in general with a low intrinsic propensity to cause hypoglycemia, as well as rare severe renal or cardiovascular adverse events reported.

Objective To establish a method for determination of aluminum in water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Methods Aluminum in water was directly determined by GFAAS at wavelength of 394.4 nm without any matrix modifiers. Results A good linearity (r=0.999 5) was obtained, the linear range was 0-0.600 mg/L. RSD of samples ranged from 2.1% to 6.4%, the average rates of recovery were between 91.0%-108.0%. The detection limit of the method was 0.6 ?g/L, the quantitative limit was 1.9 ?g/L. There was no significant difference between the results determined at wavelength of 394.4 nm and 309.3 nm. Conclusion This method is simple, rapid, accurate and has a wide linear range. It can be applied in the determination of aluminum in drinking water.

The glycemic variability is one component of unified glucose tetrad concept.The long-term glycemic fluctuation may enhance the oxidative stress reaction,which can promote the development of micro vascular complications.The relationship between the glycemic variability and the CVD deserves further investigation.CGMS is helpful to monitor the glucose fluctuation especially in those with fragile diabetes and no symptom hypoglycemia.The suitable regime is the key point to control glycemic variability,even after the desired HbA1c target is attained. Abstract:Summ ary:The glycem ic variab ility is one component of un ified glucose tetrad concept.The long-term glycem ic fluctuation m ay enhance the oxidative stress reaction,wh ich can promote the developm ent ofm icro vascu lar comp lications.The rela-tionsh ip between the glycem ic variab ility and the CVD deserves further investigation.CGMS is helpfu l to mon itor the glu-cose fluctuation espec ially in those w ith fragile d iabetes and no symptom hypoglycem ia.The su itab le regim e is the key point to control glycem ic variab ility,even after the desired HbA1c target is attained.