To study the effect of compressible limb sleeve system on tumefaction of limbs and recurrence of thrombus in patients underwent venous thrombectomy of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Sixty-two patients underwent venous thrombectomy of DVT between September 2004 and July 2005 were selected from Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, and then were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. Patients in the control group were given usual care after the surgery, while patients in the experimental group were treated by compressible limb sleeve system based on usual care (once a day and 30 minutes each time. 14 days were taken as one course, and there were totally 2 courses). The circumference, recurrence rate of thrombus and warmth sensation of affected limb were observed before and after the treatment in both groups. Detection at 28 days after the treatment showed that the circumference of patients in the experimental group decreased, and the score of warmth sensation decreased. There were significant differences in comparison with those in the control group before the treatment (P

Objective To investigate the characteristic and satisfaction degree of clinical applica-tion of "fingers pain score model" from the aspects of nurses and patients in order to evaluated the fea- sibility and pragmatism of the model. Methods "Fingers pain score model" was designed and to-gether with the NRS- 10 scale were applied in clinic for 2 years. Evaluation from both nurses and patients were in-vestigated after two-year probation, and the results underwent χ<'2> test. Results Evaluation from nurses on convenience, fidelity, communication and satisfaction of "fingers pain score model"were all sig-nificantly higher compared with the control. And evaluation from patients on direct-viewing,accuracy,re-ception and satisfaction of "fingers pain score model"were different from the NRS- 10 control, except for the fidelity. Conclusions Outweighing the NRS- 10 scale, the "fingers pain score model" is a better choice to meet the needs of the nurses and patients in pain evaluation in clinic.

Teaching and research section of orthodontics of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University took the lead in carrying out ‘ three early education' Students of stomatology in Chongqing Medical University established ‘ social practice volunteer team' and conducted ‘ three early education' in orthodontic clinic during winter,summer holiday and weekend.This let students of low grades contact with society,clinical practice and scientific research at early stage thus to comprehensively improve their overall quality.Questionnaire for student volunteers of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University showed that ‘ three early education' can effectively improve medical students' comprehensive quality.In the early stages of learning for students of stomatology,we cultivated students' occupation spirit,innovation consciousness,scientific literacy,clinical thinking and teamwork ability by strengthening training of students' social practice ability,communication ability,organization and coordination ability,professional interests,professional senses of belonging,team spirit and moral emotion.We achieved certain results and our experiences are worth extending.

n positive blood culture, and they are resistant to a variety of antimicrobial agents, which should be called attention.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical gram-negative bacterial isolates in the First Afifliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during 2014.Methods Bacteria identiifcation was performed by API system or the VITEK-2 Compact automatic identiifcation system. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing or VITEK-2 Compact automatic identification system was used to determine the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. All data were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software.Results Among the total 7 931 clinical isolates in 2014, gram-negative bacteria accounted for 64.2% (5 088/7 931). The top three pathogens wereE. coli,A. baumannii andK. pneumoniae. Notably, during the year 2014, 195 strains of carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceaewere isolated, about 6.9% of all theEnterobacteriaceae isolates. Meanwhile, 613 (66.5%) strains of multiple drug resistantA. baumannii and 197 (28.7%) strains of multiple drug resistantP. aeruginosa were isolated.Conclusion During the year 2014, the resistance of the gram-negative bacteria in this hospital is mainly characterized by carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae, multiple drug resistant A. baumanniiand multiple drug resistantP. aeruginosa. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is beneifcial for rational use of antibiotics.

Objective To investigate the resistance status of different integrons of Shigella sonnei (S.sonnei) and to analyze the distribution of resistant genes in integrons in Jiangsu Province.Methods A total of 32 strains of S.sonnei isolated from six cities of Jiangsu Province in 2011 were collected.The antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion method.The molecular homology was analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).The detection and classification of integrons were achieved by analyzing the positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).RFLP and DNA sequencing were used to analyze the resistance genes in integrons.Results Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 28 (87.5％) S.sonnei strains.The resistant rates to ampicillin,nalidixic acid and tetracycline were highest (87.5％,respectively).However,it was sensitive to norfloxacin.PFGE analysis showed that there were 3 kinds of homologous clones involving 31 strains of the 32 S.sonnei strains.Among them,2,5 and 24 strains had the same clones,respectively.Accordingly,they spread within one,two and five different cities.The detection rates of class 1,class 2 and the atypical class 1 integrons in S.sonnei were 62.5％ (20/32),81.3％ (26/32) and 21.9％ (7/32),respectively,and no class 3 integron was detected.Sequence analysis of class 1 integron variable area revealed that it contained multiple resistant genes (aacA4-cmlA1 and dfrA1-aadA 1) ; dfrA1-sat 1-aadA 1 from class 2 integron and blara-30-aadA 1 from atypical class 1 integron were also identified.Conclusions In 2011,homologous S.sonnei strains spread among different cities in Jiangsu Province.MDR strains are prevalent and integrons are widespread which mediated the emergence of MDR strains.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the enantioselectivity of norgestrel (NG) transdermal permeation and the potential influence of linalool and lipids on the enantioselectivity. In vitro skin permeation studies of NG across the excised rat skins were performed with Valia-Chien diffusion cells, and the permeation samples were analyzed by enantioselective HPLC. The possible enantioselective permeation of NG across intact rat back skin and lipids extracted rat back skin and the influence of linalool were evaluated. The skin permeation rate of dl-NG was two times higher than that of l-NG when donor solutions (EtOH/H2O 2 : 8, v/v) containing l-NG or dl-NG. It may be mainly attributed to the solubility discrepancy between enantiomer and racemate. The enantioselective permeation of dl-NG across intact rat skin was observed when the donor solutions containing dl-linalool. The permeation flux of l-NG was 22% higher than that of d-NG. But interestingly, the enantioselective permeation of dl-NG disappeared under the same experimental condition except that the lipid extracted rat skin was used. Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of stratum corneum showed that the wave number for asymmetric CH2 stretching vibrations of lipids treated with dl-linalool was greater than that of the control. The results indicated that the enantioselective permeation of NG may be contributed by the interaction between dl-linalool and lipids. More than half of lipids were composed of ceramides. The stereospecific interaction maybe existed among chiral enhancer (linalool), lipids (ceramides) and/or chiral drugs (NG).

Objective To investigate the pathogen distribution and susceptibility profile of fungal isolates from bloodstream infections,and valuate the clinical utility of G test in diagnosis of fungal infections for the purpose to improve antifungal therapy.Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out to analyze the fungal pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during the period from January 2013 through December 2015 and their antimicrobial susceptibility.Results A total of 114 fungal strains were isolated from bloodstream infections during the 3-year period,most of which were Candida (99/114,86.8％),especially Candida albicans (30.7％).About 41.2％ (47/114) of the fungal strains were isolated from Department of Thoracic Surgery (10,5 and 4 strains in 2013,2014 and 2015),Hematology (11 strains in 2014),and ICU (7 strains in 2014).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the fungal strains (100％) were susceptible to amphotericin B,but 83.5％ susceptible to itraconazole (the lowest).G test was positive before the result of blood culture in 13 of the 54 patients who received G test.Conclusions Candida was the most common fungus in fungal bloodstream infection.Amphotericin B is the most active antifungal agent in vitro.Blood culture combined with serological test can provide clinicians an earlier and reliable diagnosis.

Objective To observe the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and the inhibitory and dispersive effects of betaine on the biofilm.Methods The inhibitory and dispersive effects of 0.1％ betaine on the biofilm from 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined by crystal violet assay.Results All the 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus formed biofilm.The biofilm of methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was formed in 24 hours with peak value of absorbance (A590 nm) (1.99 ± 0.53).The biofilm of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus atureus(MRSA) was formed in 48 hours with peak value of absorbance(A590 nm) (1.13 ±0.47).After adding betaine,the absorbance(A590 nm) of MSSA biofilm fell down to(1.74 ± 0.61) in 24 hours,while the absorbance(A590 nm) of MRSA biofilm fell down to(0.40 ± 0.12) in 48 hours,which was significantly reduced compared with the controls (t =2.43,5.84,P ＜ 0.05 respectively).When adding betaine after the biofilm formed,the absorbancies (A590 nm) of both MSSA and MRSA showed no significant difference compared with the controls (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Betaine could inhibit biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus at concentration of 0.1％,but it could not disperse the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To investigate the effects of betaine on the formation and dispersion of biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its drug-resistance.Methods A total of 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from clinical inpatients.The biofilm formation abilities of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated by violet staining,and the effects of betaine on the formation and dispersion of biofilm were studied.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on ciprofloxacin were compared with the controls when biofilm was formed and inhibited.Results Biofilm was formed in all the 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 24 hours with absorbance (A590 nm) (1.90 ± 0.66).Betaine significantly inhibited biofilm formation of Pseudomonasaeruginosa in 24 hours compared with control group(t =4.36,P ＜ 0.01) and the maximum inhibition reached in 48 hours with absorbance(A590 nm) (1.12 ±0.60).The maximum dispersion of betaine on mature biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reached in 24 hours.The MIC range of ciprofloxacin to the 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 0.03 to 4 μg/mL with 0.25 μg/mL of MIC50 and 2 μg/mL of MIC90.After the biofilm was inhibited by belaine,the MIC of ciprofloxacin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not changed.The MIC of ciprofloxacin to biofilm-formed Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more than 16 μg/mL.Conclusion Betaine could effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm and disperse the mature biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,which may provide more choices for the treatment of clinical infection.The germicidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin has no changed on the biofilm-formed bacteria when inhibition of betaine was involved.