Objective To evaluate DWI in the assessment of viability of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) by comparing DWI with PET-CT results. Methods 18-fluorodeoxy glucose(18F-FDG) PET-CT and DWI(b values=0, 800 s/mm2) were retrospectively analyzed in 8 patients with clinically verified HAE. The metabolic activity of HAE lesions in both techniques were determined by two independent radiologists respectively. Kappa test was assessed between the results of two observers. Results Sixteen lesions (composed of 14 HAE and 2 cystic echinococcosis, CE) were detected. (1)Eight lesions (≥2 cm) showed perilesional hyper-signal intensity on DWI, mainly around the lesion bounding by normal liver parenchyma. One patient (≥2 cm) had oral drug therapy for three years, and the lesion showed discontinuous perilesional hyper-signal intensity on DWI after the therapy. Five lesions (<2 cm) were depicted as nodular high signal on DWI.(2)Eight lesions (≥2 cm) showed perilesional increased FDG uptake on PET-CT, while 5 lesions (<2 cm) displayed as“hot pot”. One patient (leison≥2 cm) who had oral drug therapy for three years showed hepatic defect without any FDG uptake in post-treatment PET-CT. Two CE lesions showed negative results on both DWI and PET-CT. The Kappa value of 0.880 indicated a good coincidence between DWI and PET-CT in depicting the metabolic activity of HAE (P=0.006). Conclusions This preliminary study showed the value of DWI in assessing HAE viability. DWI should be routinely used as one of the techniques in the evaluation of HAE.

Objective To estimate the treatment effect of a tumor necrosis factor ? alpha antagonist (etanercept) on Stevens?Johnson syndrome induced by drugs. Methods After exclusion of tuberculosis, hepatitis, severe infections and tumors, 17 patients with drug?induced Stevens?Johnson syndrome were treated with subcutaneous injections of 25 mg(initial dose, 50 mg)etanercept once every 3 days for 6 times. Meanwhile, supportive therapies and compound glycyrrhizin injections were given to counteract inflammation and protect the liver. Results All of the patients were cured. Body temperature in 15 febrile patients gradually decreased within 24- 48 hours after the first injection of etanercept, and returned to normal in 72 hours. The number of vesicles stopped increasing, and lesion color turned from bright red to dull red within 24 hours. Skin condition was evidently controlled within 72 hours, and skin appearance almost returned to normal after 2 weeks of treatment, and was completely restored after 4- 5 weeks. The recovery of mucous membrane was slower than that of skin. Serum aminotransferase levels gradually declined after the first dose of etanercept and almost returned to normal in 2-4 weeks in 14 patients. Serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine began to decrease after 1- 2 weeks of treatment. The serum level of tumor necrosis factor?alpha nearly dropped into or was maintained in the normal range within 3 weeks after the start of treatment. Conclusion Early usage of tumor necrosis factor?alpha antagonists at an adequate dose is beneficial to the rapid control of Stevens?Johnson syndrome.

Neurofeedback training (NFT) is an important neuromodulation method that can produce certain plasticity in the central nervous system, and is expected to be an effective physical intervention method for rehabilitation of mental disorders. So far, there have been many studies on NFT promoting the rehabilitation of common mental disorders in the literature. For different mental disorders, there are different NFT training programs with different intervention effects and mechanisms. This paper focuses on the application of NFT in the rehabilitation of mental disorders, introduces the concept, process and common solutions of NFT, and focuses on the methods and applications of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of common mental disorders, and finally discusses the faced problems and future research trends, aiming to provide references for innovative research and clinical application of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of mental disorders.

Neurofeedback training (NFT) is an important neuromodulation method that can produce certain plasticity in the central nervous system, and is expected to be an effective physical intervention method for rehabilitation of mental disorders. So far, there have been many studies on NFT promoting the rehabilitation of common mental disorders in the literature. For different mental disorders, there are different NFT training programs with different intervention effects and mechanisms. This paper focuses on the application of NFT in the rehabilitation of mental disorders, introduces the concept, process and common solutions of NFT, and focuses on the methods and applications of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of common mental disorders, and finally discusses the faced problems and future research trends, aiming to provide references for innovative research and clinical application of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of mental disorders.

Neurofeedback (NF) technology based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely studied and applied. In contrast, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become a new technique in NF research in recent years. fNIRS is a neuroimaging technology based on hemodynamics, which has the advantages of low cost, good portability and high spatial resolution, and is more suitable for use in natural environments. At present, there is a lack of comprehensive review on fNIRS-NF technology (fNIRS-NF) in China. In order to provide a reference for the research of fNIRS-NF technology, this paper first describes the principle, key technologies and applications of fNIRS-NF, and focuses on the application of fNIRS-NF. Finally, the future development trend of fNIRS-NF is prospected and summarized. In conclusion, this paper summarizes fNIRS-NF technology and its application, and concludes that fNIRS-NF technology has potential practicability in neurological diseases and related fields. fNIRS can be used as a good method for NF training. This paper is expected to provide reference information for the development of fNIRS-NF technology.
Neurofeedback/methods* ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods* ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Technology

The development and potential application of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is closely related to the human brain, so that the ethical regulation of BCI has become an important issue attracting the consideration of society. Existing literatures have discussed the ethical norms of BCI technology from the perspectives of non-BCI developers and scientific ethics, while few discussions have been launched from the perspective of BCI developers. Therefore, there is a great need to study and discuss the ethical norms of BCI technology from the perspective of BCI developers. In this paper, we present the user-centered and non-harmful BCI technology ethics, and then discuss and look forward on them. This paper argues that human beings can cope with the ethical issues arising from BCI technology, and as BCI technology develops, its ethical norms will be improved continuously. It is expected that this paper can provide thoughts and references for the formulation of ethical norms related to BCI technology.
Humans ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Technology ; Brain ; User-Computer Interface ; Electroencephalography

Functionalized liposomes can improve the in vivo process of drugs to achieve high-efficiency delivery by enhancing drug absorption， changing drug distribution and reducing the elimination， which is one of the hotspots in nanomedicine research with broad application prospects. However， the drug information published by official websites of National Medical Products Administration （NMPA）， the United States Food and Drug Administration （FDA）， and the European Medicines Agency （EMA） shows that there are few liposomal products on the market， and the domestic varieties are mainly generic drugs. Excepting for polyethylene glycolized （PEGylated） liposomes， no other functionalized liposomes have been approved for marketing， which indicates that the clinical translation of functionalized liposomes remains at a low level. Therefore， the relevant reports of functionalized liposomes in recent years were reviewed in this paper， their application advantages and main challenges in preparation research and development were discussed based on the in vivo process， and their low clinical translation mainly because of the insufficient clinical thinking， safety and efficacy of functional materials， inaccurate in vitro and in vivo analysis methods and difficulty in scaling up production. Meanwhile， the possible strategies such as introducing the concept of clinical multi-function to improve clinical acuity， focusing on examining the modification density of functional materials and the interaction between the modified materials， evaluating the drug delivery performance of functionalized liposomes from multiple perspectives and scenarios， and conducting cost and convenience-oriented formulation composition and preparation process optimization were proposed in order to provide a reference for the development of functionalized liposomes and other carrier-based nanomedicines.