Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the major causes of liver morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to development of liver pathogenesis encompassing steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in extreme cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, ALD may also associate with cholestasis. Emerging evidence now suggests that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and bile acids also play important roles in ALD. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on FXR, bile acids and gut microbiome as well as their impacts on ALD. Moreover, we summarize the findings on FXR, FoxO3a (forkhead box-containing protein class O3a) and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) in regulation of autophagy-related gene transcription program and liver injury in response to alcohol exposure.

The interleukin (IL) -23/IL-17 axis is the main pathway in the pathogenesis of plaque-type psoriasis vulgaris, and IL-17A plays a key role in the relevant immune pathways. IL-17A mediates overlapping inflammatory pathways in atherosclerosis and psoriasis, promotes inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. Inhibiting the inflammatory effect of IL-17A can reduce the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with severe psoriasis. This review summarizes recent research progress in IL-17A-mediated systemic inflammation and cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis, and provides a reference for prevention and reduction of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis in clinical practice.