Objective To analyse clinical and imaging characteristics of congenital airway abnormalities,and to guide the clinical diagnosis and reduce rate of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.Methods Clinical and imaging characteristics in children who had been diagnosed congenital airway abnormalities in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from 2005 to 2011 were reviewed and analysed retrospectively.Results Of 23 children,12 cases were male,11 cases were female,the age was from 1 month to 10 years,the average age was 32 months.The disease course was from 3 days to 3 months,an average was 18 days.Clinical manifestations were repeated coughing,wheezing,dyspnea and recurrent respiratory infection.Through the spiral CT and three dimensional reconstruction,enhanced CT examination,6 cases of tracheobronchial stenosis,3 cases of trachea and bronchus,1 case of dysplasia of the left pulmonary artery and vein,3 cases of pulmonary sequestration,4 cases of pulmonary cyst and 6 cases of pulmonary hypoplasia were found.Conclusion Missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of congenital airway malformations often occurs.When the following features were observed,congenital airway malformations may be taken into account:persistent cough; repeated or persistent wheezing,treated ineffectively with anti-inflammatory agent and bronchodilators ; recurrent or persistent stridor; repeated pulmonary infections,dyspnea; repeated or persistent pneumonia in the same part and unexplainedly mediastinal shift in X ray chest radiography.Spiral CT three dimensional reconstruction and enhancement is of great value in diagnosis of airway malformation.

Objective To evaluate the role of spinal sigma-1 receptors in the maintenance of bone cancer pain (BCP) in rats and the relationship with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).Methods Part Ⅰ Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 2 groups using a random number table:sham operation group (S group,n =4) and BCP group (n =20).BCP was induced by inoculating Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells into the medullary cavity of the right tibia.Four rats were sacrificed on day 10 after inoculation in S group or on day 3,5,7,10 and 14 after inoculation in BCP group,and the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed to measure the expression of sigma-1 receptors by Western blot.Part Ⅱ Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 4 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),sigma-1 receptor inhibitor BD1047 group (BD group),BCP group,and BCP + BD1047 group (BCP + BD group).On day 10 to 14 after inoculation,normal saline 20 μl was injected intrathecally once a day in S and BCP groups,or BD1047 120 nmol/20μl was injected intrathecally once a day in BD and BCP + BD groups.Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) to yon Frey filament stimulation was measured one day before inoculation,on day 3,5 and 7 after inoculation,and on day 10,12 and 14 after administration.After measurement of MWT on day 14 after inoculation,the rats were sacrificed and the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed to determine the expression of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) by Western blot.Results Part Ⅰ Compared with group S,the expression of sigma-1 was significantly up-regulated and peaked on day 10 after operation in group BCP.Part Ⅱ Compared with S group,no significant changes were found in MWT and p-ERK expression at each time point in BD group,and MWT was decreased and p-ERK expression was up-regulated in BCP and BCP + BD groups.Compared with group BCP,after intrathecal injection of BD1047,MWT was significantly increased and the expression of p-ERK was down-regulated in BCP + BD group.Conclusion Spinal sigma-1 receptors are involved in the maintenance of BCP in rats possibly through promoting phosphorylation of ERK.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) of the urinary tract in pediatric.Methods The retrospective study of 12 IMT was based on information retrieved from Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2006 to July 2015.The literatures of urinary IMT were reviewed.There were 12 cases of urinary IMT, with 8 cases in bladder, 2 in kidney, 1 in ureter and 1 in prostate.Mean age at surgery was 6.4 years old (range 2months-13 years), 6 cases males and 6 females.Tumor resection were performed in 11 patients, biopsy was performed only in 1 patient.Results HE staining revealed diffuse appearing spindle myofibroblastic cells admixed with inflammatory cells.Immunohistochemistry showed positive ration for following markers as ALK (8/12), CK18 (6/12), Desmin (7/12), SMA (8/12), Actin (1/2), Vimentin (9/12).Negative staining were seen for Myoglobin, S-100 and Ki-67 ＜ 20％.Patients were followed up in 10 cases, lost to follow-up in 2;the mean follow-up time was 14.4 months (range 3-31 months).All patients recovered well without relapse or metastasis.Condusions Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the urinary tract in pediatric were rare, without specific characteristic in clinical features and imaging.The main treatment of IMT is complete surgical excision.

Objective To investigate the experience of diagnosis and management of coexisting ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and nonreflux megaureter (NRM).Methods The retrospective study of UPJO with NRM was based on 10 years information retrieved from January 2005 to December 2015.The data of 13 patients (8 males and 5 females) were available and recorded.Mean age at surgery was 3.7 years old (range 1.8 to 14 years).The diagnosis and mangement were summarized.Coexisting ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJO) and vesicoureteral reflux,iatrogenic stricture and vesicoureteral reflux were excluded.Intravenous pyelography,voiding cystourethrography,ultrasound and CT reconstruction were performed before operation.Only six patients had an accurate diagnosis as UPJO with UVJO before surgery.Pyeloplasty was the initial surgical management choice for 10 patients,and ureteroneocystostomy in 3 patients.Results UVJO were diagnosed with pyelography techniques in 3 patients after pyeloplasty,while 4 were diagnosed as nonreflux and nonobstruction megaureter.Of the 10 patients who underwent initial pyeloplasty,additional ureteroneocystostomy was required in 3 and the prognosis was good.Additional pyeloplasty was required in 2 of the 3 patients who initially underwent ureteroneoeystostomy.Mean follow-up time from last operation was 23.3 months (6-53 months),the overall prognosis was good.Conclusions It is often difficult to correctly diagnose coexisting UPJO and NRM.In patients with UPJO,it is highly recommended nephrostomy radiography after pyeloplasty to evaluate the distal ureterovesical junction.Initial pyeloplasty is always recommended as first-line therapy.Additional ureteroneocystostomy was required when hydroureteropelvic was aggravated.

Objective:To observe the effect of applying tuina to exterior-interiorly connected meridians for post-stroke upper limb spasticity.
Methods:A total of 150 patients with post-stroke upper limb spasticity were randomly allocated into a treatment group (n=75) and a control group (n=75) by the random number table. Patients in the treatment group received tuina on exterior-interiorly connected meridians, whereas patients in the control group received standard rehabilitation therapy. The therapeutic efficacies in both groups were observed after 3 weeks of treatment.
Results:The total effective rate in the treatment group was 89.3%, versus 61.3% in the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). After the treatment, the muscle tones by the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) were significantly improved in both groups (bothP<0.05); and the improvement of muscle tone was more significant in the treatment group than that in the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion:Applying tuina to exterior-interiorly connected meridians can obtain an exact efficacy for post-stroke upper limb spasticity.

Objective To discuss the clinical and pathological features of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the ureter (MRTU).Methods One case of MRTU was reported, a six-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital on May 29, 2014, and presented left loin pain 2 weeks, ultrasound showed gradually progressing hydronephrosis and hydroureter.During a physical examination, she felt tenderness in the left kidney area and no mass was palpable in abdomen.The ultrasound showed left sided gross hydroureteronephrosis and a round hyperechogenic mass in the inferior pole of the left ureter (In front of the left iliac vessel), with no obvious borders.Contrast-enhanced CT suggested a gross dilatation of the left kidney and ureter with a solidappearing lesion in the lower ureter;neither additional abdominal abnormalities nor enlarged lymph nodes were seen in both examinations.The surgery began with incision of left lower abdomen.The partial ureter of neoplasm was excised along with invaded psoas and posterior peritoneum by gross inspection, then ureteroureterostomy was performed.The severed ureter was completely blocked with the ill-defined neoplasm and was 3.3 cm in length and 2.1 cm in width.Results The ureteral neoplasm was excised,along with the invaded psoas and posterior peritoneum,after that ureteroureterostomy was performed.HE showed the diffuse large round nuclei, vesicular chromatin, prominent nucleoli cells, and moderate amounts of eccentrically placed eosinophilic cytoplasm.Immunohistochemical studies were positive for cytokeratin, epithelial membrance antigen and vimentin, negative for INI1, METU hereby was confirmed.She underwent a chemotherapy regimen consisting of ICE, alternating with VDC.Four courses chemotherapy (3 months) later,CT scan suggested hematogenous metastasis of lung.The family refused further treatment and the patient died of systemic metastasis eight months after surgery.Conclusion MRTU was a rare and highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activation by capsaicin on the oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice in order to elucidate the potential mechanisms.Methods A total of 108 specific pathogen free (SPF) ICR male mice were randomly divided into six groups:normal control group (n =18),capsaicin control group (CAP control group,n =18),capsazepine control group (CAPZ control group,n =18),acute lung injury group (n =18),capsaicin treatment group (CAP treatment group,n =18) and capsazepine treatment group (CAPZ treatment group,n =18).After modeling,superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT) and malondiachehyche (MDA) levels in lung were measured with the method of chromatometry,and the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in lung tissue was assessed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),while the level of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) was determined by western blotting and the expression of Nrf2 mRNA was measured by RTPCR.Pathological changes of lung tissue were observed under light microscope.Results The activities of SOD and CAT in lung tissue at 3,8,16 h were dramatically lower in acute lung injury group than those in normal control group (P ＜ 0.05),while the level of MDA was higher.Compared with acute lung injury group,the lung levels of SOD and CAT at 8 h and 16 h were higher in CAP treatment group (P ＜0.05),while the lung level of MDA was lower (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of SOD and CAT in CAPZ treatment group were decreased at 8 h and 16 h,while the levels of MDA in this group were increased at 3,8,16 h (P ＜0.05).The pulmonary levels of HO-1,Nrf2 and expression of Nrf2 mRNA were significantly higher in acute lung injury group than those in normal control group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with acute lung injury group,the levels of HO-1,NRF2 and expression of NRF2 mRNA were increased markedly in CAP treatment group (P ＜ 0.05)and were obviously decreased in CAPZ treatment group (P ＜0.05).At 8 h,16 h after modeling,the degree of lung damage was ameliorated in CAP treatment group compared with acute lung injury group under light microscope,while the lung damage was aggravated in CAPZ treatment group.Conclusions The activation of TRPV1 could apparently up-regulate the levels of CAT,SOD,Nrf2,HO-1,and reduce the MDA level in lung tissue of mice with acute lung injury,ultimately protecting the endotoxemia mice from oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the effect of Rho kinase inhibitor,fasudil,on pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat in rats in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods A total of 72 SpragueDawley male rats of specific pathogen free (SPF) were randomly (random number) divided into four groups:the normal control group (NS group,n =18),fasudil control group (FS control group,n =18),paraquat poisoning group (PQ poisoning group,n =18) and fasudil intervention group (FS intervention group,n =18).On days 7,14,28 after paraquat exposure,six rats were respectively selected from each group.These rats were anesthetized and sacrificed immediately,and their lung tissues were collected.The hydroxyproline (HYP) in the lung tissue was detected by using alkaline hydrolysis.The expressions of type Ⅰ,Ⅲ collagen protein,connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and ROCK1 mRNA in Rho/ROCK signaling pathway were assayed by using the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR),and the levels of type Ⅰ,Ⅲ collagen protein,connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and Rho / ROCK signaling pathway ROCK1 protein were measured by using Western blotting.The pathological changes of lung tissue were observed under light microscope.Results There were no significant differences in the observed biomarkers between FS control group and NS group (P ＞ 0.05).While in PQ poisoning group and FS intervention group on days 7,14,28 (all P ＜ 0.05),the amount of HYP increased obviously (P ＜ 0.05),the expressions of type Ⅰ,Ⅲ collagen protein,CTGF,ROCK1 mRNA and protein levels were increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the PQ poisoning group,the amount of HYP decreased significantly,and the expressions of type Ⅰ,Ⅲ collagen protein,CTGF,ROCK1 mRNA and protein levels were decreased significantly in FS intervention group on days 7,14,28 (all P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes of lung tissue revealed that the degree of pulmonary fibrosis in the PQ poisoning group were most serious on 28 d after paraquat exposure,and the degree of pulmonary fibrosis were lessened in FS intervention group on days 7,14,28.Conclusions ROCK inhibitor,fasudil,has obvious therapeutic effects on paraquat-induced lung fibrosis,by regulating Rho / ROCK signaling pathway with downregulated expression of CTGF,and decrease in the levels of type Ⅰ,Ⅲ collagen protein,thus reducing protein deposition.

Objective Visceral pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be associated with the abnormal processing of pain in the central nervous system.The aim of the study is to investigate the characteristic changes of brain functions in the IBD patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) with the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) algorithm.Methods This study included 27 cases of IBD treated in our hospital from December 2015 to August of 2016 and 21 healthy volunteers as normal controls.We recorded the high-resolution structure imaging and rs-fMRI data, compared the brain activities of the two groups patients by ALFF analysis, and evaluated the correlation of the ALFF values with the clinical parameters of the IBD patients.Results Compared with the normal control group, the IBD patients showed significantly decreased ALFF values in the medial frontal gyrus, right putamen, right insula, left middle cingulate gyrus (MCC), and bilateral supplementary motor region (P<0.05), increased ALFF values in the middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, and medial prefrontal lobe region (P<0.05).The ALFF values in the inferior parietal lobule, precuneus and MCC of the IBD patients were correlated negatively with the blood sedimentation rate (r=-0.537,-0.588, and-0.588, P<0.05), disease course (P<0.05), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level (P<0.05), while that in the medial frontal gyrus positively with the CRP level (r=-0.623, P<0.001).Conclusion IBD patients have abnormal ALFF values in various brain regions, mainly in those involved in the processing of visceral pain and emotion.

Objective To study the possibility of establishment of an animal model of hydronephrosis by ureteropelvic junction obstruction,and to evaluate the value of CT perfusion imaging in assessment of the renal function in the animal models. Method Fifty 10-week-old male New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups:sham-operated group with separation of the left ureter (20 rabbits),and model group (30 rabbits) with the left ureter embedded at the ureteropelvic junction under the psoas major muscle. The left kidney function in the two groups was confirmed to be normal by SPECT before operation. CT perfusion and SPECT imagings were performed to assess the left kidney function in the two groups at three months after surgery,and the results were compared with that of pathological examination. Statistical analysis was performed on the parameters of SPECT and CT perfusion imaging and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results The success rate of model establishment was 70%,showing pathological changes of chronic hydronephrosis. CT perfusion demonstrated that BF,BV,PS of the left renal cortex and medulla were decreased,and had a good positive correlation with the changes of GFR. Conclusions It is feasible to establish a rabbit model of chronic hydronephrosis by embedding the left ureter at ureteropelvic junction under the psoas major muscle,and CT perfusion imaging parameters can be used to evaluate the renal function in the animal models.