Diabetic ulcer (DU), one of the common and serious complications in patients with diabetes mellitus, often leads to infection, necrosis and amputation, and has a long and costly treatment period. Because of DU's unclear healing mechanism and the difficulty of delayed healing, its treatment and management have been a major challenge in clinical medicine. In recent years, the potential role of mitochondrial autophagy in DU has become a research hotspot with the in-depth study of mitochondrial autophagy mechanism. Previous studies have shown that mitochondrial autophagy is an important intracellular self-repair mechanism that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and functional stability. During the development of DU, mitochondrial autophagy plays multiple roles in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, maintaining mitochondrial functional homeostasis, influencing cell proliferation and repair capacity during DU healing, promoting DU healing, and enhancing antimicrobial capacity. In this paper, we illustrate the multiple roles played by mitochondrial autophagy in DU prevention and treatment, as well as the potential applications of mitochondrial autophagy in DU therapy. It is expected to provide a basis for the clinical application of mitochondrial autophagy in DU treatment, and provide more effective strategies and solutions for the treatment of DU.

Diabetic ulcer (DU), one of the common and serious complications in patients with diabetes mellitus, often leads to infection, necrosis and amputation, and has a long and costly treatment period. Because of DU's unclear healing mechanism and the difficulty of delayed healing, its treatment and management have been a major challenge in clinical medicine. In recent years, the potential role of mitochondrial autophagy in DU has become a research hotspot with the in-depth study of mitochondrial autophagy mechanism. Previous studies have shown that mitochondrial autophagy is an important intracellular self-repair mechanism that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and functional stability. During the development of DU, mitochondrial autophagy plays multiple roles in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, maintaining mitochondrial functional homeostasis, influencing cell proliferation and repair capacity during DU healing, promoting DU healing, and enhancing antimicrobial capacity. In this paper, we illustrate the multiple roles played by mitochondrial autophagy in DU prevention and treatment, as well as the potential applications of mitochondrial autophagy in DU therapy. It is expected to provide a basis for the clinical application of mitochondrial autophagy in DU treatment, and provide more effective strategies and solutions for the treatment of DU.

Objective To investigate the effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)induced by high-fat diet(HFD)on the kidneys of mice and the protective effect and mechanism of Xiayuxue Decoction.Methods A total of 25 healthy controls and 25 NAFLD patients who attended Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2020 to September 2021 were enrolled,and the levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),creatinine(Cr),and uric acid(UA)were measured.A total of 24 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into low-fat diet(LFD)group,HFD group,and HFD+Xiayuxue Decoction group(XYXD group),with 8 mice in each group,and since week 13,XYXD was administered by gavage once a day for 6 weeks till the end of week 18.The level of TC,TG,BUN,and Cr were measured for each group.HE staining and oil red staining were used to observe the pathological changes of the liver and the kidneys;immunohistochemical double staining was used to measure the expression levels of CD68 and alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA);quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1),fatty acid synthase(FASN),interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),Desmin,and α-SMA in renal tissue;Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of SREBP1 and TNF-α.A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups,and the least significant difference t-test was used for pairwise comparison;the independent-samples t-test was used for comparison between two groups.Results Compared with the healthy controls,NAFLD patients showed significant increases in the levels of TC,TG,BUN,Cr,and UA(all P<0.05).Compared with the LFD group,the HFD group had significant increases in body weight,TC,TG,BUN,and Cr(all P<0.001),and compared with the HFD group,the XYXD group showed significant inhibition of the expression of TC,TG,BUN,and Cr(all P<0.001).Liver pathological examination showed that compared with the LFD group,the HFD group showed significant increases in hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration,while the XYXD group showed significant alleviation of lesions.Renal pathological examination showed that compared with the LFD group,the HFD group had significant inflammatory infiltration,steatosis,and collagen formation in renal tissue,and compared with the HFD group,XYXD significantly alleviated inflammatory infiltration and inhibited steatosis and collagen formation.Quantitative real-time PCR showed that compared with the LFD group,the HFD group had significant increases in the relative mRNA expression levels of SREBP1,FASN,IL-6,TNF-α,Desmin,and α-SMA in renal tissue(all P<0.001),and compared with the HFD group,the XYXD group had significant reductions in the relative expression levels of these indicators(all P<0.001).Western blot showed that compared with the LFD group,the HFD group had significant increases in the protein expression levels of SREBP1 and TNF-α(P<0.05),and compared with the HFD group,the XYXD group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of SREBP1 and TNF-α(P<0.05).Immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the LFD group,the HFD group had significant increases in the positive staining or the double positive staining of α-SMA and CD68(P<0.05),and compared with the HFD group,the XYXD group showed significant reductions(P<0.05).Conclusion HFD can induce renal steatosis,inflammatory infiltration,and collagen formation,and XYXD might exert a protective effect on the kidneys by inhibiting the expression of macrophages and myofibroblasts in renal tissue.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role and mechanism of podoplanin （PDPN） in hepatic stellate cell （HSC） activation and liver fibrosis. MethodsLiver biopsy samples were collected from 75 patients with chronic hepatitis B who attended Department of Infectious Diseases， Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine， for the first time from September 2019 to June 2022， and RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression of PDPN in liver tissue of patients in different stages of liver fibrosis. A total of 12 male C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into control group and model group. The mice in the model group were given intraperitoneal injection of 10% CCl₄， and those in the control group were injected with an equal volume of olive oil， for 6 weeks. HE staining and Sirius Red staining were used to observe liver histopathological changes； primary mouse liver cells were separated to measure the mRNA expression of PDPN in various types of cells； primary mouse HSCs were treated with PDPN protein， followed by treatment with the NF-‍κB inhibitor BAY11-708， to measure the expression of inflammatory factors in HSCs induced by PDPN. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups； a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate data correlation. ResultsAs for the liver biopsy samples， there was a relatively low mRNA expression level of PDPN in normal liver， and there was a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of PDPN in liver tissue of stage S3 or S4 fibrosis （all P<0.001）. Immunohistochemical staining showed that PDPN was mainly expressed in the fibrous septum and the hepatic sinusoid， and the PDPN-positive area in S4 liver tissue was significantly higher than that in S0 liver tissue （t=8.892， P=0.001）. In normal mice， PDPN was mainly expressed in the hepatic sinusoid， and there was a significant increase in the expression of PDPN in CCl₄ model mice （t=0.95， P<0.001）， mainly in the fibrous septum. RT-PCR showed a significant increase in the mRNA expression of PDPN in the CCl₄ model mice （t=11.25， P=0.002）. Compared with hepatocytes， HSCs， Kupffer cells， and bile duct endothelial cells， hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells showed a significantly high expression level of PDPN （F=20.56， P<0.001）. Compared with the control group， the primary mouse HSCs treated by PDPN protein for 15 minutes showed significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of the inflammation-related factors TNFα， CCL3， CXCL1， and CXCR1 （all P<0.05）， and there were significant reductions in the levels of these indicators after treatment with BAY11-7082 （all P<0.05）. ConclusionThere is an increase in the expression of PDPN mainly in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells during liver fibrosis， and PDPN regulates HSC activation and promotes the progression of liver fibrosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of action of Xiayuxue decoction in inhibiting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） induced by high-fat diet in mice by regulating nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor containing pyrin domain protein 6 （NLRP6）. MethodsA total of 15 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into low-fat diet （LFD） group， high-fat diet （HFD） group， and Xiayuxue decoction-HFD group （XYXD group）， with 5 mice in each group. Liver function parameters （alanine aminotransferase ［ALT］ and aspartate aminotransferase ［AST］） and blood lipid metabolic indicators （triglycerides ［TG］ and total cholesterol ［TC］） were measured； HE staining and oil red O staining were performed for liver tissue to observe histomorpholoty and lipid droplet deposition； quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of inflammatory factors （tumor necrosis factor-α ［TNF-α］， interleukin-1β ［IL-1β］， interleukin-18 ［IL-18］， and NLRP6） in liver tissue； Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of NLRP6， nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB）， and NF-κB p65； immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of NLRP6 and CD68. Mouse Raw264.7 cells were treated with palmitic acid （PA）， lipopolysaccharide， and serum containing Xiayuxue decoction to observe inflammation. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the LFD group， the HFD group had significant increases in the serum levels of ALT， AST， TC， and TG （all P<0.05）. Liver histopathological examination showed that the HFD group had marked hepatic steatosis and a signficant increase in NAS score （P<0.05）， and quantitative real-time PCR showed significant increases in the inflammatory factors such as IL1β and IL-18 and a significant reduction in the expression of NLRP6 （all P<0.05）. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of NLRP6 showed a similar trend as that of the macrophage marker CD68. Western blot showed that after the downregulation of NLRP6 expression， there was a significant increase in phosphorylated NF-κB p65 （P<0.05）. Compared with the HFD group， Xiayuxue decoction effectively improved liver inflammation， upregulated the expression of NLRP6， and downregulated phosphorylated NF-κB p65 in HFD mice （all P<0.05）. After Raw264.7 cells were treated with PA， NLRP6 was downregulated to promote the progression of inflammation （P<0.05）， and treatment with Xiayuxue decoction could upregulate NLRP6 and inhibit inflammation NF-κB （P<0.05）. ConclusionXiayuxue decoction can effectively improve hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation in a mouse model of NAFLD， possibly by regulating NLRP6/NF-κB to alleviate macrophage activation.

As an important biological resource of a country or region, human genetic resources (HGR) are increasingly attracting attention and concern from many countries internationally, and even have been elevated to the dimension of national sovereignty by many countries. As a large country with rich and diverse HGR, relevant regulatory work in China started relatively late compared to foreign countries, but has developed rapidly. However, looking around the world, there is still room for further improvement and development of domestic HGR regulation. By reviewing the regulatory legislation of HGR in some countries abroad, this paper sorted out their advanced experience and highlighted measures in detail, and summarized their deep-seated legislative guidance. A detailed analysis and evaluation were conducted from seven aspects:the advanced level of HGR legislation and the enhancement of legal effectiveness, the systematization and systematization of policies and regulations, the unification of platforms and relevant standards, the highlight of the concept of ethics and the rule of law, the strengthening of anti-discrimination protection, the special protection of major human genetic family resources and national special protection areas of HGR, and the establishment of principled consensus or agreement on HGR in international and local regions, to provide reference for the construction of regulatory policies and legal systems for HGR in China.

BACKGROUND: Extreme temperature events, including extreme cold, are becoming more frequent worldwide, which might be harmful to pregnant women and cause adverse birth outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to low ambient temperature in pregnant women and adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth, and to summarize the evidence herein. METHODS: Relevant studies were searched in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase electronic databases until November 2021. Studies involving low ambient temperature, preterm birth, birth weight, and stillbirth were included. The guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses were followed to conduct this study risk of bias and methods for data synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 34 studies were included. First, pregnant women exposed to low ambient temperature had an increased risk of preterm birth (risk ratio [RR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.13). Subgroup analyses revealed that exposure during late pregnancy was more likely to induce preterm birth. In addition, only pregnant women exposed to <1st percentile of the mean temperature suffered increased risk of preterm birth. Moreover, pregnant women living in medium or hot areas were more prone to have preterm births than those in cold areas when exposed to low ambient temperatures. Asians and Blacks were more susceptible to low ambient temperatures than Caucasians. Second, pregnant women exposed to low ambient temperature had an increased risk of low birth weight (RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03-1.12). Third, pregnant women had an increased risk of stillbirth while exposed to low ambient temperature during the entire pregnancy (RR 4.63; 95% CI 3.99-5.38). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to low ambient temperature during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to extremely low ambient temperature (<1st percentile of the mean temperature), especially in their late pregnancy. This study could provide clues for preventing adverse outcomes from meteorological factors. REGISTRATION No. CRD42021259776 at PROSPERO ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ).
Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Premature Birth/epidemiology* ; Stillbirth/epidemiology* ; Temperature ; Pregnancy Complications

ObjectiveTo investigate whether Xiayuxue decoction exerts an anti-liver fibrosis effect by inhibiting glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). MethodsA total of 24 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, and Xiayuxue decoction group. The mice in the model group and the Xiayuxue decoction group were given intraperitoneal injection of 10% CCl4, and those in the Xiayuxue decoction group were given 0.4678 g/kg Xiayuxue decoction by gavage since week 4. The liver function parameters alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured, and liver histopathology was observed. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and GDNF. GFP-Col-HSC and human primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with GDNF (10 ng/ml), and HSC activation was measured. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the control group, the model group had significant increases in the levels of ALT and AST, and compared with the model group, the Xiayuxue decoction group had significant reductions in the levels of ALT and AST (all P＜0.01). Liver histopathology showed that the model group had marked inflammatory cell infiltration and formation of fibrous septa by proliferated collagen fibers, and the Xiayuxue decoction group had loose fibrous septa and alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed that compared with the control group, the model group had significant increases in the expression of α-SMA and GDNF (both P＜0.01), which were observed in fibrous septa, and compared with the model group, the Xiayuxue decoction group had significant reductions in the expression of α-SMA and GDNF (both P＜0.05). Western blotting showed that the control group had relatively low expression of GDNF in liver tissue, the formation of liver fibrosis at week 6 of CCl4 modeling, and an around 10-fold increase in the expression of GDNF, and the Xiayuxue decoction group had significantly inhibited protein expression of GDNF (P＜0.01); there were significant increases in the expression of α-SMA and collagen type I α1 (Col1) in mice with liver fibrosis, with significant reductions in α-SMA and Col1 after treatment with Xiayuxue decoction (all P＜0.01). The in vitro experiment showed that GDNF induced the significant increases in the protein expression of α-SMA and Col1 in HSCs, which was significantly inhibited by Xiayuxue decoction (all P＜0.01). ConclusionThe expression of GDNF is significantly upregulated in the formation of liver fibrosis. GDNF can induce HSC activation, and Xiayuxue decoction can exert an anti-liver fibrosis effect by inhibiting GDNF.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Taohong Siwu decoction on a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver fibrosis and its mechanism of action. Methods A total of 24 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, and Taohong Siwu decoction group, with 8 mice in each group. The mice in the model group and the Taohong Siwu decoction group were given intraperitoneal injection of 10% CCl 4 , and Taohong Siwu decoction was given by gavage since week 3 for 4 consecutive weeks. Liver function [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] was measured, and liver pathomorphology was observed. Real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), hyaluronic acid synthase-2 (HAS-2), and collagen type Ⅰ(Col1), and Western blotting was used to measure the protein expression of α-SMA, Col1, and HAS-2. Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated, and HAS-2 was silenced by siRNA to observe its influence on HSC activation. The t -test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups; a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the SNK or least significant difference t -test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the normal group, the model group had significant increases in serum liver function parameters (ALT, AST) and the Taohong Siwu decoction group had significant reductions in the serum levels of ALT and AST (all P < 0.01). Pathological staining showed that the model group had marked inflammatory cell infiltration and formation of fibrous septa by proliferated collagen fibers, and the Taohong Siwu decoction group had loose fibrous septa and alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the model group, the Taohong Siwu decoction group had significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA and Col1(all P < 0.001). Compared with the normal group, the model group had a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of HAS-2 in liver tissue ( t =6.14, P < 0.05), and compared with the model group, the Taohong Siwu decoction group had a significant reduction in the protein expression level of HAS-2 (0.29±0.10 vs 1.00±0.12, t =70.73, P < 0.001). After HAS-2 was silenced by siRNA, the Si HAS-2+transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) group (treated with TGFβ) had significant reductions in the mRNA expression levels of α-SMA and Col-Ⅰ compared with the NC+TGFβ group ( P < 0.01). Conclusion Taohong Siwu decoction exerts a marked therapeutic effect on CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis in mice by inhibiting HAS-2.

Significantly increasing crop yield is a major and worldwide challenge for food supply and security. It is well-known that rice cultivated at Taoyuan in Yunnan of China can produce the highest yield worldwide. Yet, the gene regulatory mechanism underpinning this ultrahigh yield has been a mystery. Here, we systematically collected the transcriptome data for seven key tissues at different developmental stages using rice cultivated both at Taoyuan as the case group and at another regular rice planting place Jinghong as the control group. We identified the top 24 candi-date high-yield genes with their network modules from these well-designed datasets by developing a novel computational systems biology method, i.e., dynamic cross-tissue (DCT) network analysis. We used one of the candidate genes, OsSPL4, whose function was previously unknown, for gene editing experimental validation of the high yield, and confirmed that OsSPL4 significantly affects panicle branching and increases the rice yield. This study, which included extensive field phenotyping, cross-tissue systems biology analyses, and functional validation, uncovered the key genes and gene regulatory networks underpinning the ultrahigh yield of rice. The DCT method could be applied to other plant or animal systems if different phenotypes under various environments with the common genome sequences of the examined sample. DCT can be downloaded from https://github.com/zt-pub/DCT.