Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the lack of expression of hormone receptors, as well as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and displays special biological and clinicopathological characteristics. This subtype is aggressive in nature with high histological grade. Besides invasive ductal carcinoma,several special histological types have also been found. The features of the TNBC subgroup roughly parallel those of the basal-like subgroup. Due to the lack of molecular targets, this subgroup has no chance of endocrine treatment and target therapy. Currently, the treatment of TNBC is dominated by chemotherapy based on anthracycline with suboptimal efficacy. Overall, the prognosis has remained quite poor. Emerging evidence indicates that patients regimens with triple negative breast cancer usually displays high rate of early recurrence and distant metastasis. Both the diseasefree survival and overall survival rates are low. Although this subtype which shows same immunohistologic pattern, great heterogeneity still exists within the group causing distinctions in morphology, prognosis, and more importantly, drastically different reactions to same treatment protocol. In recent years, TNBC has been widely concerned by both clinician and pathologist. Several targeted drugs for corresponding signal pathway as well as the subtype of triple negative breast cancer have been widely studied. This article focused on the advances in clinicopathological characteristics, new subtypes and treatment of triple negative breast cancer.

Objective:To optimize the preparation technology of ketoconazole and miconazole nitrateβ-cyclodextrin inclusion com-pound. Methods: The weight ratio of β-cyclodextrin to ketoconazole, inclusion temperature and inclusion time as the testing factors, the optimal inclusion technology was screened by orthogonal experiments. Results:The optimum inclusion conditions were as follows:the weight ratio of β-cyclodextrin to ketoconazole was 8 ∶1, the inclusion temperature was 50℃, and the ultrasonic time was 50 min. Conclusion:The optimized β-cyclodextrin inclusion process is simple and convenient to carry out.

Objective:To study the effect of caprylic/capric acid glycerides (Lab), propylene glycol (PG) and Azone on the transdermal behavior of ketoconazole and miconazole nitrate in compound ketoconazole gel, to screen appropriate penetration enhanc-ers. Methods:Using a RYJ-6A-type transdermal drug diffusion tester, the effects of Lab, PG and Azone at different concentrations on the transdermal behavior of ketoconazole and miconazole nitrate in compound ketoconazole gel were studied. Results:3% PG showed the most obvious penetration enhancement, which could increase the permeation of ketoconazole by 2. 004 times, and increase the pen-etration of miconazole nitrate by 1. 795 times, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion:The penetra-tion effect of 3% PG is obvious, which can be applied in compound ketoconazole gel.

Objective To explore the expression of interleukin 13(IL-13) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and its association with serum C-reaction protein(CRP) in patients with ulcerative colitis(UC). Methods IL-13 mRNA expression in PBMCs was detected by RT-PCR in patients with UC(21 cases of active UC and 10 cases of quiescent UC)and 20 healthy subjects. At the same time, the serum level of CRP was detected by ELISA. Results The expression level of IL-13 mRNA in PBMCs of patients with active UC was significantly lower than that in PBMCs of patients with quiescent UC and healthy subjects (6.45?1.23 vs 14.72?2.12 or 15.17?2.38,P0.05). The expression level of IL-13 mRNA in PBMCs of active UC patients was negative correlation with serum level of CRP (r=-0.589,P

BACKGROUND:Biocompatibility is a key parameter in drug delivery systems. In general, to obtain a proper microparticle carrier, the materials themselves should have excellent biocompatibility. Besides, spherical degree and surface smoothness both have significant influence on biocompatibility.OBJECTIVE: To obtain spherical and smooth poly (lactide-co-glycolide)microparticles, so as to improve the property of biocompatibility.DESIGN: Open experiment.SETTING: Research Laboratory of Biomaterials, Jinan University.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Research Laboratory of Biomaterials, Jinan University, between June 2004 and January 2005.The materials included poly(lactide-co-glycolide), lysozyme and poly (vinyl alcohol). The other reagents were analytical pure. The instruments included a homogenizer, a mechanical stirrer, an ultrasonic cleaning instrument, a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope.METHODS: ① Preparation of microparticles: Lysozyme was selected as a model protein for encapsulation into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) using a dou-ble emulsion solvent extraction/evaporation method. Three separation methods, namely direct vacuum freeze-drying, filtration and centrifugation,were investigated and compared. ② Observation under the scanning electron microscope: We observed the effect of three separation methods on the shape of microparticles. All the samples were attached to copper mounts and coated with gold, and then were observed with an electron microscope.③ Observation under the atomic force microscope: The morphological structure of the surface was analyzed with atomic force microscope.RESULTS: ① Observation results of scanning electron microscope: Compared with direct vacuum freeze-drying and filtration, centrifugation method was more efficacious in obtaining spherical and smooth microparticles based on the scanning electron microscope pictures. But results also warned us to be more careful when we prepared scanning electron microscope samples using ultrasonic to separate the aggregates. ② Atomic force microscope results indicated that the surface was smooth with the average roughness of 48.55 nm.CONCLUSION: By investigating the influence of different downstream processes, we can obtain spherical and smooth products. Besides, a new one-step method is put forward in constructing some microparticle-combined polymer based scaffolds because the combined scaffolds and microparticles are formed synchronously.

Objective To evaluate the viability of residual tumor after insufficient thermal ablation of rabbit VX2 liver tumor and investigated the efficacy of sorafenib as an adjuvant therapy.Methods Twenty-one rabbits were implanted with VX2 tumor to establish orthotopic liver tumor models.They were allocated randomly into 3 groups:control (n =7),ablation (n =7),and combination treatment (n =7).Microwave coagulation therapy was conducted with 20 W for 1 min and viable tumor tissue remained at the periphery.A laparotomy was performed in the control group.Sorafenib was given at 20 mg/kg/d during the following 10 days in the combination treatment group,and saline was given to the control and ablation group.Tumor volume was recorded before and after treatment,immunohistochemistry detected CD31 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression,and the micro-vessel density (MVD) and proliferation index (PI) were calculated accordingly.Results Ten days after insufficient ablation,tumor volume of the ablation group was larger than that of the control group (P ＜0.05).The MVD and PI of residual tumor were higher compared with those of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).With adjuvant therapy of sorafenib after insufficient ablation,tumor volume showed a decrease on the 10th day compared with tumors undergoing insurfficient ablation alone (P ＜ 0.05).The MVD and PI of residual tumor were lower than those of the ablation group (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Insufficient thermal ablation promotes residual tumor progression,but adjuvant therapy of sorafenib serves as an effective way to suppress the overgrowth and neovasculation of the residual tumor.

Objective To analyze MR imaging manifestations of spinal area lymphoma in order to improve the recognition and understanding of the disease. Methods A group of 45 patients with pathologically or clinically proven spinal area lymphoma were reviewed. Five cases were primary NHL,40 cases were secondary with 9 HL and 31 NHL (27 B-cell type NHL and 4 T-cell type NHL). MR Imaging findings were analyzed and correlated with clinical and pathologic findings. Results (1) Location of lesions: 13 cases were focal type and 32 cases were multifocal type. All of the 5 patients with primary lymphoma were focal type, while 32 of 40 cases of secondary lymphoma were multifocal type. (2) Type oflesions: ①Vertebral destruction: 27 cases manifested as bone destruction with 23 of them had soft tissuemass and the extent of soft tissue masses were larger than that of bone destruction in 18 cases.②Soft tissuemasses: 6 cases manifested as soft masses without obvious bone destruction, of which 5 cases had soft tissuemasses imbedded vertebrae and communicated paravertebral and epidural spaces through intervertebralforamen.③Bone marrow infiltration: 9 cases of secondary spinal lympboma had signal intensity changes ofbone marrow without obvious cortical bone destruction and soft tissue mass. ④ Spinal cord infiltration:3 cases of secondary spinal lymphoma had spinal cord swelling and signal intensity changes. (3) MRIfindings: all lesions of bone destruction and marrow infiltration manifested as hypointense on T1-weightedimages, hypointense, isointense or hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weightedimages with fat-suppression technique. All soft tissue masses were homogeneous hypointense on T1-weightedimages and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. After intravenous injection of contrast media, the lesions ofthe bone and the soft tissue showed mild or moderate enhancement without remarkable cystic degenerationand necrosis. Conclusions Most of the spinal area lymphoma is the secondary B type NHL with complexMRI manifestation. Osteolytic lesion with contiguous paravertebral soft tissue mass imbedded vertebrae whichcommunicated paravertebral and epidural spaces through intervertebral foramen with a mild or moderateenhancement may suggest the diagnosis of this rare disease.

[Objective] To investigate the value of HBV-M and HBV DNA of newborns born to HBsAg-positive mother, which were tested before combined immunization of hepatitis B. [Method] A total of 420 infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers delivered in Obstetric Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from June 2006 to February 2008 were followed up at least 6 months and rechecked HBV-M to confirm the diagnosis of HBV intrauterine infection, which included 33 HBsAg or HBV DNA positive newborn babies and 6 newborns with both HBsAg seropositive and HBV DNA seropositive. [Result] HBV intrauterine infection rate was 0.95%. Using newborn both HBsAg positive and HBV DNA positive as diagnostic criterion to diagnose HBV intrauterine infection, the positive likelihood ratio was 208.3, while using newborn HBsAg positive or HBV DNA positive as diagnostic criterion, it was 14.3. [Conclusion] Newborn both HBsAg positive and HBV DNA positive obtained before combined immunization of hepatitis B may predict HBV intrauterine infection, and it may play as a clinical index of preliminary diagnosis of HBV intrauterine infection.

Objective To verify the feasibility of Cas9 microinjection in frozen-thawed pronuclear embryos, based on the model of pronuclear embryos of C57BL/6J mice by in vitro fertilization.Methods After fertilized mouse pronuclear embryos cultured in vitro, one-cell and 2-cell embryos were frozen using EFS20/40 cryopreservation tube.The next day recovered and then cultured.The recovery rate and survival rate of the one-cell and 2-cell embryos were compared.The frozen-thawed and fresh pronuclear embryos were injected with Cas9 mixture and injection buffer into the cytoplasm, and then cultivated to 2-cell embryos,and the survival rate and development rate of the 2-cell embryos were compared.Results The recovery rate of frozen-thawed one-cell embryos was 92.5%, the survival rate was 92.8%, the recovery rate of 2-cell embryos was 90.5% and the survival rate was 95.8%, showing no significant difference.Furthermore, the survival rate of fresh one-cell embryos after Cas9 injection was 92.7%, the survival rate of one-cell embryos of the blank group was 97.5%.While the survival rate of Cas9 injected frozen-thawed one-cell embryos was 82.6%, and that of the blank group was 92%,showing a significant difference between the frozen-thawed injected group and other groups(P < 0.05).The development rate of 2-cell embryos after Cas9 injection was not significantly different.Conclusions Frozen-thawed pronuclear embryos can be used for Cas9 microinjection.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been playing an important role in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is minimally invasive, easily repeatable and potentially curative. Many centers now accept it to be the best therapeutic choice for patients with early-stage HCC when liver transplantation or surgical resection is not suitable. In this article, we reviewed the indications, techniques , and clinical results of RFA in the treatment of HCC.Suitable patient selection, good pre-treatment planning,complete ablation, and careful post-treatment follow up are important. Techniques, such as artificial pleural effusion and ascites, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography-guided RFA,laparoscopic or open surgical approaches have reduced complications and expanded the indications for RFA.