Objective To study the significance of dissection and exposure of the recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) in thyroid surgery.Methods The clinical data of 1 082 patients who had undergone operations on thyroid were retrospectively reviewed.All cases were routinely operated with dissection and exposure of RLN.Results Six cases had injury of RLN(0.5%),3 cases showed parathyroid insufficiency(0.3%)and 2 cases had injury of the superior laryngeal nerve(0.2%) ofter operation.The incidence of operative complications in thyroid surgery was closely related with if exposure of the RLN.Conclusions Exposure of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is a key measure to decrease injury of parathyroids,superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery.

Objective:To examine the effects of psychological and physiological stress on hippocampal extracellular monoamine content under simulated high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia.Methods:The male SD rats were randomly divided into ten groups:control(Con group), hypoxia(Hy group), psychological stress(twice/day)(Ps1group), psychological stress(twice/day?2day)(Ps2 group), psychological stress(twice/day) + hypoxia(Ps1+Hy group), psychological stress(twice/day? 2day) +hypoxia(Ps2+Hy group), physiological stress(twice/day)(Ph1group), physiological stress(twice/day?2day)(Ph2 group), physiological stress(twice/day) + hypoxia(Ph1+Hy group), physiological stress(twice/day?2day) + hypoxia(Ph2+Hy group).The contents of norepinephrine(NE), dopamine(DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) in extracellular fluid of hippocampus collected by push-pull perfusion were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with electrichemical detection(HPLC-ECD).Results:①Compared with the Con group, the content of NE was significantly lower in Hy, Ps1+Hy and Ph2+Hy groups(P

Objective:To examine the effect of psychological and physiological stress on monoamine in extracellular fluid of hippocampus under simulated high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia.Methods:Psychological and physiological stress were made by the way of communication box.The hypoxia disposal was that the rats were put hypobaric chamber at a simulated altitude of 6000 meters for 24 hours.We compared the effect of stress in different sorts and intensity on the contents of norepinephrine(NE),dopamine(DA),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)in extracellular fluid of hippocampus.The extracellular fluid of hippocampus of rat was collected by push-pull perfusion;we determined the contents of monoamine in it by high performance liquid chromatography with electrichemical detection(HPLC-ECD).Results:(1)The simulated high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia reduced the content of NE in extracellular fluid of hippocampus(813.8?196.1/1209.2?282.0,P

Objective: To study NOS activities in serum of rats under different stresses. Methods: Two models of stress were made in rats, one is the conventional forced swimming model (including 12 rats), and the other is a social defeated paradigm (including 12 rats). The activities of NOS of rats under each model and of one control group (10 rats) were measured. Results: Compared with control, the NOS activity under social defeated paradigm was lower (15.36?1.74/17.11?1.67 U/ml, t=2.32, P

Objective: To study the changes of serum interleukin levels and immune function of rats under stress. Method: 18 male rats were randomly divided into two groups, stress group (10) received "psychosocial"stress and their serum were taken after 1 hour; control group (8). Serum interleukin 2, 6, 8 and cortisol levels of all subjects were determined. Results: Compared with control group, the level of serum cortisol increased after stress (6.51?2.5/3.76?0.4 (ug/dl, t=3.45, P

Objective: To study the change of NO (nitric oxide) and NOS (nitric oxide synthase) in brain of rats induced by acute stress Method: The concentration of NO and NOS in frontal lob, hippcampus, midbrain and hypothalamus were measured in 1 and 3 hours after stress respectively Results: The concentration of NO and NOS in hippcampus and hypothalamus were significantly higher than that of control group at 1 hour after stress (P

Objective: To study the change of cyclic nucleotide in brain of rats induced by acute stress Method: The concentration of cAMP and cGMP in frontal lob, hippcampus, midbrain and hypothalamus were measured in 1 and 3 hours after stress respectively Results:The concentration of cGMP in hippcampus and hypothalamus were significantly higher than that of control group at 1 hour after stress (P

OBJECTIVE To analyze impulsive-like behaviors of SD rats induced by pramipexole in Y-maze avoidance tasks. METHODS Behaviors of SD rats in Y-maze avoidance tasks were recorded with a camera and analyzed by Noldus Etho Vision XT8 software after acute subcutaneous injection of pramipexole(0.1,1 and 10 mg · kg-1),including right reaction numbers of 20 consecutive avoidance tasks,shuttle number of times between the three arms of Y-maze, distance covered in Y-maze and time spent in safe arms during 20 consecutive avoidance tasks. Then,the prepulse inhibition(PPI)of the startle reflex test was used to assess the effect of pramipexole on sensorimotor gating (SG). Effects of pramipexole on the dialyzed content of monoamine neurotransmitter and its metabolites in the striatum and amygdala of SD rats were measured by microdialysis in vivo. RESULTS Compared with normal control group,the rats of pramipexole group showed a significant increase in the shuttle number of times and distance covered in Y-maze between Y-maze avoidance tasks(P<0.01),but a statistically significant decrease in the time spent in safe arms(P<0.01),while the number of right reactions in Y-maze avoidance tasks was not changed. Such premature responses were quite similar to certain impulsive-compulsive behaviors in rodent models,such as five-choice serial reaction time tasks. In the PPI test,pramipexole displayed an impairing effect on SG(P<0.01). The microdialysis results showed that there was an increase of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the striatum of pramipexole group, but not statistically significant. Monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites were not significantly changed in the amygdala. CONCLUSION Pramipexole can induce impulsive-compulsive behaviors in Y-maze avoidance tasks,which might be attributed to impaired SG.

Objective To investigate the influence of tube voltage on image quality and radiation dosage to subjects in chest digital radiography (DR).Methods An adult chest phantom was exposed in the range of 80-130 kV with the interval of 10 kV and the automatic exposure control (AEC) setting was selected from-4 to 4.The entrance skin dose (ESD) of the phantom was measured,and the relative noise,contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the effective dose of each exposure was calculated.Results The ESD was (0.062 9 ±0.027 4) mGy,and the effective dose was (0.012 7 ±0.004 5) mSv.The effective dose increased linearly with the ESD,and there was a positive correlation (r =0.912,P ＜ 0.01).When the tube voltage was held constant,the relative noise decreased as the effective dose increased (r =-0.967,-0.969,-0.968,-0.969,-0.968,-0.970,P ＜ 0.01).The CNR increased with the effective dose increasing under the same tube voltage(r =0.987,0.987,0.986,0.987,0.988,0.989,P ＜0.01).The ESD and effective dose decreased as the kV values increased under the same AEC,and the degree of decrease could be up to 50％ and 20％.The relative noise decreased as the kV values increased under the same AEC,and the degree of decrease could be up to 23％.The CNR values increased up to 8％.Conclusions The use of higher kVp in chest digital radiography can reduce the radiation dose to some extent

Objective To study chromatography fingerprints of Zanthoxylum echinocarpum by HPLC.Methods Diamonsil C18 column(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) was used with acetonitrile-water gradient elution,at flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min,detection wavelength at 278 nm.Results HPLC was used to establish fingerprint chromatograph of water extraction from ten batches of Z.echinocarpum,which had been harvested from the same area in Zhangjiajie at the same time.The result showed that 11 peaks were common.Conclusion The method could be used for the quality control of Z.echinocarpum.