Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes and self-derived molecules derived from damaged cells.TLRs can express in multiple cells in the retina, such as glia cells,retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as well as photoreceptor ceils.When combined with special ligands,TLRs can initiate intracellular signal transduction pathways, induce specific gene expression, and upregulate the expression of costimulatory molecules as well as stimulate the secretion of inflammatory factors which take part in resisting to infection.Furthermore, these inflammatory factors may have an effect on retinal neovascular diseases via regulating angiogenic growth factors level.Microglia cells are the most important part in retinal innate immune system as they can participate in immune surveillance and tissue repair.Among the recognition receptors of microglia cells,TLRs play a significant role in regulating microglia cells which involved in retinal infection and inflammation as well as ischemic retinal diseases.In this review,we focused on the role of TLRs in microglia cells.

Objective To establish the capability level classification system and capability level staffing standard of ICUs in tertiary hospitals, in an effort to raise the efficiency of nursing resources while ensuring quality of care of patients. Methods Such methods as experts meetings and Delphi Method were called into play to establish the nurses capability level system in ICUs with the convenient sampling method, we made clinical observation and research in 5 ICUs of 3 tertiary hospitals in Shanghai. Results Nurses in ICUs were classified into four levels, so were their responsibilities and job description. This way the system of nursing staff capability levels takes shape, and the staffing standards for nurses in ICUs of tertiary hospitals come into being. Conclusion Such tiered staffing standards in tertiary hospitals enable clinical nursing managers to deploy and efficiently use nursing staff of all levels.

Objective The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of 2:1 atrioventricular block (AVB) during AV node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) induced during electrophysioloic study.Methods In consecutive patients with AVNRT referred for electrophysiologic study, the data of 2 : 1 AVB during induced AVNRT was retrospectively analysed. Results The data of 4 patients was excluded from analyzing because of the unsatisfactory recording of His bundle potential during AVNRT. A His bundle deflection was present in the blocked beats in three of the remaining 5 patients and absent in the other two. At the beginning of AVNRT induced in those patients whose His bundle deflection was present in the blocked beats, H-V Wenckebach sequence with a QRS pattern of RBBB or LBBB was seen preceding and following the 2 : 1 AVB. A pattern of H-V Wenckebach phenomenon occurred once during AVNRT with 2:1 AVB in one of the two patients whose His bundle deflection was absent in the blocked beats.Conclusion The induced 2:1 AVB during AVNRT is due to functional block in the His-Purkinje system regardless of the presence or absence of a His bundle deflection in blocked beats.

Process for the preparation of artificial seeds of Dendrobium candidum was established by using the somatic embryos of this plant. Experimental result showed that 1/2MS medium supplemented with sucrose was suitable to induce germination and seedling of D. candidum artificial seeds. The germination rate was over 80%.

Carrying out researches in urban community health service centers can effectively promote the improvement of management system, the cultivation of talents and the formation of characteristic service, leading to the institutional development.This paper summarizes the role and significance of researches in promoting the overall development of urban community health service center in order to provide reference for the relevant medical institutions based on the experiences in Shanghai Fenglin Community Health Service Center.

Objective　To investigate the mechanism affecting on permeability of vascular endothelial cell by nitric oxide (NO). Methods　Series concentration of sin-1（a donor of NO） were added to ECV 304, a cell line of human umbilical vein endothelium. Cell growth and expression of f-actin, a cytoskeleton protein were observed. Results　Cell growth was inhibited with a dose from 6.25 to 100 μmol/L and was caused to death at the concentration of 50 to 100 μmol/L by sin-1. The expression of f-actin was suppressed obviously after cultured with 100 μmol/L sin-1 for 4 hours. Conclusion　It suggests that anomaly increased NO can increase permeability of blood vessels by suppressing the expression of f-actin, inhibiting cell growth or even resulting in cell death.

Objective To examine the expression of Noggin in CNS of the developing rat. Methods In situ hybridization histochemistry(ISHH) was performed using digoxigenin-labeled cRNA as probes. Results It was revealed that densely and deeply stained noggin positive cells were detected in cortex,hippocampus,cerebellum,and nucleus of hypothalamus and thalamus in embryonic day(E)16 rats.The number of noggin positive cells was increased in the thalamus and medulla oblongata at postnatal day(P)1-2,whereas decreased in the hippocampus and cortex.The number of noggin positive cells was decreased significantly in brain at 1 week postnatal(P1W),and began to increase at P2W,especially in the cortex and hippocamps.Strong positive signal can be detected in the frontal cortex,parietal cortex,cingulated cortex,hippocampus,olfactory and cerebellum at 1 month postnatal(P1M).The expression of noggin begins to decline at P3M,only sparse noggin positive cells can be seen in CNS at P18M.Furthermore,there is no noggin positive cells seen in the spinal cord of rats during development.Conclusion Our results indicated that noggin could play an important role in CNS development of rats.

Objective To examine the expression of BMP4 in CNS of the developing rat. Methods In situ hybridization histochemistry(ISHH) was carried out on tissue sections using specific digoxigenin\|labeled oligonucleotide probe. Results It showed that BMP4 mRNA positive cells were located mainly in cerebellum and olfactory at E16.Strong positive signal was seen in hypoglossal nucleus,and moderate signal also seen in spinocerebellar tract and spinal lemniscus at P1\|2.The number of BMP4 mRNA positive cells was increased in the frontal cortex,parietal cortex,and hippocampus subiculum at P1W.The peak of BMP4 expression was in cortex and periamydaloid cortex.Widely distributed BMP4 mRNA positive cells were detected in cortex and hippocampus of rats at P1M,strong positive signal was observed in temporal CNS at P3M,strong positive signal was observed in hippocampus,temporal corex and periamydaloid cortex,lateral nucleus of thalamus and paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus.BMP4 mRNA positive cells were also found in corex,hippocampus,hypothalamus and thalamus at P18M.Conclusion\ These results indicated that BMP4 could play an important role in CNS development of rats.

Objective To study the in-vivo antioxidation effect of citrus flavonoids.Methods The aged mice were induced by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (1 g?kg-1?d-1)for 6 weeks and simultaneously received gastric infusion of citrus flavonoidsat at different dosages(200 mg?kg-1?d-1 or 600 mg?kg-1?d-1)for 6 weeks.After treatment,the SOD activity and the MDA content in liver and skin as well as the content of hydroproline (HYD) in skin were measured.Results Citrus flavonoids increased the SOD activity significantly (P

Objective To investigate the effect of noggin on BrdU labeled cells in the adult rat hippocampus. Methods The expressions of noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in rat hippocampus were detected using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). By using antisense technique combined with bromodeoxyuridine!(BrdU) labeling, the effect of noggin on hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats was explored. Results The number of noggin mRNA positive cells in the adult rat hippocampus decreased significantly after treatment with antisense noggin but no change was found in the number of BMP4 mRNA positive cells. In addition, the number of BrdU labeled cells decreased significantly in the adult rat hippocampus after treatment with antisense noggin, but the sense noggin had no such effect. Conclusion Noggin can promote proliferation of neural precursor cells in adult rat hippocampus.