Objective To evaluate the value of color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma. Methods Thirty-six cases of laryngeal carcinoma were typed and staged by color Doppler ultrasonography and compared with the findings of laryngoscopy and postsurgical pathology.Results The typing accurate rate of color Doppler ultrasonography to laryngeal carcinoma was 100%. The staging accurate rate of color Doppler ultrasonography to laryngeal carcinoma was T 1 77.8%, T 2 94.2%, T 3-T 4 100%, respectively. Color Doppler flow imaging showed irregular signals of blood stream in the interior and the circumference of the tumor and signals of perforating blood stream in the interior of the tumor. Artery flow spectrum was showed by pulse wave Doppler. Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasonography can apparently improves accuracy of staging to laryngeal carcinoma and is quite important in choosing clinical therapy of laryngeal carcinoma.

Objective To analyze the efficacy and the safety of ultrasound guided multiple-spot sector stereotaxis in unipolar cooling cycle radiofrequency ablation treatment of adrenal malignant tumors.Methods 36 adrenocortical carcinoma primary or metastatic tumors were treated with ultrasound guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation by the multiple spot sector stereotaxis in unipolar cooling cycle.All patients were performed contrast enchanced ultrasound (CEUS) 15 minutes after treatment to determine whether the tumors were completely inactivated,if did not completely inactivated based on the imaging,the same therapy can be repeated.To evaluate response,contrast-enhanced CT scans (CECT) or CEUS were obtained 1 month after the procedure,if did not completely inactivated,the same therapy can be repeated.Before and after the procedure,the blood cortisol,adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and sugar level were detected and compared respectively.Results The efficacy:in the 36 lesions,31 lesions were inactivated and 5 lesions were residual by realtime CEUS.32 lesions were inactivated and 4 lesions were residual by CECT one month after the RFA therapy.There were no significant differences between the two groups(x2 =0.127,P =0.722).The hormone level:the blood cortisol,ACTH and sugar level were recovered normal after the therapy.The complication and adverse reaction:①Pain:all the patients felt slight pain and thermal expasion of the ablation region,among them,19 patients felt obvious pain were relieved after using analgesic.② Fluctuation of heart rate:14 patients' heart rate were slowed down,it was reached to 25-55 beats per minute,0.5mg atropine was given by intravenous injection to make the heart rate return to normal.③ Fluctuation of bloodpressure:9 patients' bloodpressure were elevated in the procedure,systolic pressure was 21-28 kPa,diastolic pressure was 13-19 kPa,5 mg nicardipine was given then relieved.There was no serious complication and dead cases in all the patients.Conclusions RFA is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of adrenal malignant tumors and has great value in clinic applications.

Objective To assess the effect of ultrasound-guided multiple-spot sector stereotaxis in unipolar cooling cycle radiofrequency ablation of hepatic carcinomas. Methods Ninety-six patients with 112 liver malignancies were treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation using multiple-spot sector stereotaxis method. Conventional multi-section ultrasound scanning was performed to determine the exact location of tumors. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was performed 15 minutes after treatment to determine whether the tumors were completely inactivated. Contrast enhanced CT (CECT) and CEUS were performed 1 month after treatment to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Results A total of 293 punctures were performed for 112 tumors, technical successful rate with a successful rate of puncture was 91.81% (269/293). CEUS showed no blood flow signals in the tumors 15 minutes after therapy. One month after therapy, CT showed the volume of tumors shrunk, no enhancement was found in 100 tumors (100/112, 89.29%), while partial reinforcement was noticed in 12 tumors (10.71%). Meanwhile, CEUS showed no enhancement in 90 tumors (90/103, 87.38%), when partial reinforcement was noticed in 13 tumors (13/103, 12.62%). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided multiple-spot sector stereotaxis unipolar cooling cycle radiofrequency ablation is an effective and reliable method to treat hepatic carcinomas.

Objective: To establish a New Zealand rabbit animal model of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) using esophageal balloon together with metal internal stent dilation and to investigate the changes of mucosa. Methods: 20 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 10 in each group. Balloon dilatation and metal internal stent dilation were carried out in experimental group to reproduce the animal model of LPRD.The middle of balloon was placed at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) while the stent was placed at the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The guide wire was placed in the control group, but the balloon was not expanded and the stent was not placed. The general condition, pH value of hypopharynx, laryngeal histopathology and changes of pepsin content of New Zealand rabbits were observed regularly. The difference between experimental group and control group was compared. Results: The 24-hour Dx-pH monitoring results showed that the number of reflux episodes(20.0[9.5, 35.0], 13.0[6.5, 22.0]), and the percent time below pH 5.5 (1.36%[0.60%, 4.57%], 1.36%[0.43%, 2.77%]) in the experimental group at the 2nd and 4th week were significantly different from those in the control group (0[0,3.0], 1.0[0.5, 3.8]; 0[0, 0.01%], 0[0, 0], respectively, all P<0.01), suggesting that the experimental group New Zealand rabbits developed LPRD. Compared with the control group under microscope, lymphocytes infiltration and submucosal gland hyperplasia increased in the mucosa of the throat of the experimental group. The results of pepsin immunohistochemical staining between the two groups were statistically significant (P=0.014). Conclusion The use of balloon dilatation of the LES combined with metal stent dilatation of the UES can successfully establish a laryngopharyngeal reflux model, and lesions in the throat tissue can be observed.

Objective: To investigate the pathogenic factors of vocal leukoplakia and its clinical and pathological features. Methods: Eighty-one patients with vocal cord leukoplakia who underwent surgery between February 2010 and December 2016 and 160 volunteers without pharyngeal symptoms designed as controls were included in this case control study. The clinicopathological characteristics of 81 patients were summarized and analyzed synthetically. Results: There was statistical significance in reflux symptom index(RSI), reflux finding score(RFS), smoking index, and drinking index between case group and control group(Z=-5.35, -4.82, -4.76, -2.44, P<0.05). The voice-using duration per day in case group was significantly longer than that of control group.There was no statistical significance in hospital anxiety and depression scale for anxiety(HADA) scores、hospital anxiety and depression scale for depression(HADD) scores between case group and control group(P>0.05). In 42 patients who received 24-hour dual probe pH monitoring the prevalence of pathologic LPR was 42.8%. In 81 patients, 39(48%)patients were pathologically diagnosed as squamous cell hyperplasia, 18(22%)patients as mild dysplasia, 12(15%)sides as moderate dysplasia , 10(12%)patients as severe dysplasia and 2(2%)patients as carcinoma in-situ. The average age of high-risk pathological vocal leukoplakia was significantly higher than that of low-risk leukoplakia(t=-2.73, P<0.01). The propotion of speckled leukoplakia in high-risk leukoplakia was significantly higher than that of low-risk leukoplakia(χ²=23.81, P<0.01). There was no statistical significance between high-risk leukoplakia and low-risk leukoplakia in the prevalence of pathologic LPR(P>0.05). The bilateral lesions, speckled leukoplakia were more likely to relapse(χ²=4.27, 12.17, P<0.05). The more serious the pathology, the more likely it was to relapse (Z=-2.168, P=0.03). There was no statistical significance between recurrence group and non-recurrence group in the prevalence of pathologic LPR(P>0.05). Conclusions LPR, smoke constitute the risk factors of vocal cord leukoplakia. Drinking, voice abuse are related to vocal cord leukoplakia. Senile, speckled leukoplakia are more likely to be malignancy. A speckled leukoplakia, bilateral leukoplakia, severe pathological degree are important factors to predict recurrence.