BACKGROUND: Hedgehog signaling pathway is shown to contribute to the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and to play an important role in regulating the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts. Nowadays, the definite signal transduction pathway has been revealed gradually.OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of RANKL in osteoblasts that regulated by hedgehog signaling pathway.METHODS: A computer-based online search in CNKI, Google Scholar and PubMed databases was performed with the key words of Hedgehog, osteoblast, BMSCs, PTHrP, CREB, NFAT, RANKL in English and Chinese, respectively.Literatures related to the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts that regulated by the Hedgehog signaling pathway were included initially and 37 eligible articles were extensively summarized for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an advanced role in the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and also upregulates intracellular parathyroid hormone related protein, which activates its downstream signaling molecules cAMP response element binding protein and nuclear factor of activated T cells ulteriorly, to promote the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts and increase the differentiation and formation from osteoclast precursor cells to mature osteoclasts.

BACKGROUND: Recently, zirconia ceramic implants have been reported to be used in clinic. Increasing studies on surface treatment of ziconia implants have been done, in order to promote bone-implant osseointegration and increase the success rate of implantation. There are no recognized surface treatment techniques of zirconia implants as yet.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress in surface treatment techniques of zirconia implants.METHODS: The first author searched the CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published from January 2000 to October 2016. The keywords were zirconia or zirconium, implant, surface treatment in Chinese and English, respectively. The search condition was((zirconia or zirconium) AND implant) AND surface treatment. Here,we reviewed the surface treatment techniques of zirconia implants, and introduced the properties, the surface treatment techniques and commercialization of zirconia implants.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 23 papers were included in result analysis. Commonly used surface treatment technologies of zirconia implants include sand blasting, acid etching, sandblast and acid-etching, selective filtration etching, laser, ultraviolet and coating. These technologies all contribute to improving the surface activity of the implant,increasing the roughness, and promoting bone bonding to a certain extent.Because of the very limited experiments,further investigations are required to explore the optimum technique for the surface treatment of zirconia implants.

Objective:To summarize the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of recurrent focal segmental glomurular sclerosis(FSGS)after kidney transplantation and explore the predictive value of risk grade assessment of peripheral circulating permeability factor for recurrent FSGS.Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed for pathological history, biopsy finding before and after transplantation, blood level of FSGS biomarkers of two patients with recurrent FSGS. Then the relationship was analyzed between the risk grade assessment of peripheral circulating permeability factor and recurrent FSGS.Results:Both patients belonged to primary FSGS with >10g/24h urine protein. The recurrence of FSGS after transplantation was confirmed by renal biopsy. After plasma exchange, rituximab and Tripterygium wilfordii, 24-hour urine protein content declined, general edema subsided significantly and renal function stabilized.Conclusions:After renal transplantation, plasma exchange and rituximab can effectively alleviate the symptoms of recurrent FSGS. And assessing risk level of peripheral circulating permeability factor panel may have value in predicting the recurrent risk of FSGS

Objective:To explore the clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis of renal transplant recipients with COVID-19.Methods:The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for 2 kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19. Based upon clinical manifestations, blood routine, inflammatory factors, cell immunity, chest computed tomography(CT)and therapeutic efficacies, the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients(Interim Edition V)were compared to that of ordinary COVID-19 patients. Both recipients had an onset of low/moderate fever. There was no initial symptom of cough or fatigue. Blood routine indicated a normal count of leukocytes, a marked lymphocytopenia, elevated C-reactive protein(CRP)and slightly higher procalcitonin(PCT). Cellular immunity was extremely low and chest CT showed multiple patchy ground-glass opacities in both lungs.Results:After 1 week of onset, both patients had a marked disease progression. The pathogenesis and imaging changes were highly similar to those reported for ordinary COVID-19 patients. For preventing secondary infections, both received symptomatic supportive measures of antiviral agents, withdrawing immunosuppressants, tapering of hormone maintenance dose, intravenous drip of gamma globulin and respiratory supports. Currently the conditions of both patients obviously improved and renal function was stable. One case recovered and was discharged.Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in renal transplant recipients are generally consistent with that of ordinary COVID-19 patients. Although there is no established treatment for COVID-19, withdrawing immunosuppressants, maintaining small and medium doses of hormones, actively restoring immunity and providing respiratory supports in a timely manner are effective.

BACKGROUND:Inhibitory control and drug craving are the core elements of evaluating drug withdrawal in methamphetamine addicts,which has attracted much attention in academic circles.As we all know,in order to achieve complete abstinence from drug addiction,the key is to restore the damaged inhibition and control function of drug addicts and effectively reduce the craving for drugs. OBJECTIVE:To systematically analyze the relationship between exercise and methamphetamine abstinence inhibitory control and drug craving,to find out an effective exercise intervention scheme that can promote methamphetamine abstinence,and to further explore the internal mechanism of exercise,in order to provide theoretical support and applied reference for the future use of exercise in drug withdrawal. METHODS:CNKI,WanFang,VIP,Web of Science,and PubMed databases were searched for relevant literature using the keywords of"exercise,physical activity,methamphetamine,inhibitory function,craving,addiction"in Chinese and"sport*,exercise,methamphetamine,drug craving,executive function,addiction"in English.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,86 documents were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In terms of inhibitory control in methamphetamine abstinent individuals,either acute and long-term moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or acute high-intensity interval training can significantly improve the inhibitory control capacity of methamphetamine abstinent individuals.For long-term aerobic exercise,aerobic group exercise or full-body comprehensive exercise is more effective.If the exercise format is power cycling,it is recommended to increase the frequency of exercise intervention.In terms of the drug craving intensity in methamphetamine abstinent individuals,acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and resistance training,as well as long-term moderate-intensity,high-intensity,or progressive load aerobic and resistance training,can effectively reduce the drug craving in methamphetamine abstinent individuals.Exercise exerts intrinsic regulatory effects on methamphetamine-mediated addiction.Exercise can influence the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the brain's ventral tegmental area,thereby stimulating the expression of dopamine receptor coupling proteins and promoting dopamine synthesis in the brain's reward regions,thereby compensating for dopamine depletion caused by methamphetamine addiction.Furthermore,exercise can also regulate protein kinase A inhibitors,affecting the protein kinase A signaling pathway mediated by dopamine D1 receptors,by inhibiting protein kinase A,thus affecting cAMP response element-binding protein and regulating methamphetamine addiction.Additionally,exercise can also,at the genetic level,affect the expression of the c-fos gene in the brain's nucleus accumbens region,activate a subset of glutamatergic neurons in this area,generate a rewarding effect,and thus improve methamphetamine addiction.Although current research has confirmed the relationship between exercise and methamphetamine addiction and has clarified the brain mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise,whether there are other brain regulatory pathways for the effects of exercise remains to be explored through more scientifically rigorous animal or human experiments,starting from the cellular or molecular level.

Objective: To explore the clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis of renal transplant recipients with NCP. Method: The clinical data of 2 cases of kidney transplant recipients with NCP were retrospectively analyzed. Based onclinical manifestations, blood routine, inflammatory factors, cell immunity, chest CT andtherapeutic effects, the diagnosis and treatment of NCP in kidney transplant recipients (5th edition) were compared to that ofordinary NCP patients. Both recipients developed onset of low andmoderate fever, with no cough or fatigue at the initial stage. Blood routine indicated a normal range of leukocytes,buta significant decrease in lymphocyte counts, increased C-reactive protein (CRP) , and slightly higher procalcitonin (PCT) . The cellular immunity was extremely low, and the chest CT showed multiple patchy ground glass shadows in both lungs. Result: After 1 week of onset, both patients had significant disease progression. The pathogenesis and imaging changes were highly similar tothatreported in ordinary NCP patients.Two patients were givensymptomatic supportive treatment by antiviral agents, stop uses ofimmunosuppression agents, small amount of hormone maintenance, intravenous drip of gamma globulin andrespiratory support toavoid secondary infections. At present, the condition of both patients is obviously improved, and renal function is stable. One of them has recovered and was discharged. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of NCP in renal transplant recipients were generally consistent with that of ordinary NCP patients. Although there is no established method for the treatment of NCP, it is effective by stopping uses of immunosuppressive agents, maintaining small and medium doses of hormones, actively restoring immunity, and providing respiratory support in a timely manner.