AEPs were recorded at 1046 paramedian midbraih sites in 31 cats of both sexes when electrical stimulations were applied to 46 points within the HVMs after the cats had been anesthetized with nembutal and paralyzed with flaxedil. In the 103 responsive sites where AEPs were recorded, 151 fast wave responses were obtained. When the HVM was stimulated with electrical pulses of increasing intensity, two types of midbrain responses were recorded:"graded" and "all or none". Responsiveness of AEPs was tested for using paired stimui (PST) of different frequencies. Of the 111 AEPs tested, 38 could follow PST above 500Hz, 27 between 200-499Hz, and 46 under 199Hz. In order to test the responsiveness of AEPs further, short trains of pulses were applied. The results suggested that there might be both transsynaptic and direct connections between the two brain regions. According to calculations,the conduction velocity over this path was about 0. 29-4. 1m/sec., similar to the conduction velocity in thin myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers of the peripheral nerve. On the basis of the electrophysiological and histological data, it is suggested that there might be a topographical organization between HVM and mesencephalic central gray in dorsal-dorsal ventral-ventral direction. Some characteristics of responses which may belong to central axons are described. Advantages of the method of combining PST test with short train test in the evaluation of responsveness of the neural tissues are discussed..

In 23 cats of either sex anesthetized with nembutal, the AEPs(Averaged evoked potentials) were recorded in the paramedian midbrain area which either the HDM (Hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus) or HP (Posterior hypothalamic nucleus) or HL (Lateral hypothalamic nucleus) and nearby structures were being stimulated. The responsive characteristics of the AEPs were tested with PST (Paired Stimuli) of defferent frequenencies. It was found that there are "spike-like" responses and "slow wave" in the cat's midbrain during hypothalamic stimulation . According to its responsiveness to electrical stimuli of increasing strength, the AEPs could be classified into two types: "graded" and "all or none" like. Of 75 AEPs elicited by stimulating the HDM, 24 could follow a PST with a freqency of more than 500Hz, 31 a PST with a frequency of 200-499Hz and 20 a PST with a frequency of less 199Hz. The midbrain responsive loci were mainly distributed in an area including central gray and adjacent tegmentum,but seldom in the tectum. On the basis of calculation of the conduction distance between the stimulating and recording sites and that of ahe latency of the response which could follow a PST with more than 500Hz, the conduction velocity over the path was estimated to be about 0.65-8.18m/sec., which was in the range of conduction velocity of thin myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers in the peripharal nerve. Results of the similar kind were obtained with HP or HL stimulations.But HL-MFB(medial forebrain bundle) stimulations elicited a AEP with a longer duration. These results were in agreement with those abtained in the rat, they showed some responsive characteristics belonging to the cat's brain, i.e. the wider spectrum of conduction velocity, the more restricted area for the appearance of a given midbrain response, and the predominant distribution of responsive loci within the central gray and ventral tegmentum adjacent to it.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the attachment type,the level of alexitymia and the defense style of depression patients and their relativity.Methods 32 depression patients were assessed with the adult attachment scale (AAS-1996 Revised Edition),toronto alexithymia scale (TAS) and defense style questionnaire( DSQ),and 80 healthy people were involved as controls.Results The depression patients showed significantly different attachment type from the control group( x2 =47.6,P ＜ 0.01 ).Compare with the control group,the depression patients showed higher scores in immature defense style( (5.47 ± 1.13 ) vs (3.79 ± 1.09 ) ) and neurotic defense style( (4.93 ±0.56) vs (4.20 ± 1.00),(P＜0.01) ).Compared with controls,the depression patients showed higher scores in TAS total score( (76.88 ± 8.94) vs (65.70 ± 7.98 ) ) factor Ⅰ ( ( 3.34 ± 0.77 ) vs ( 2.41 ±0.78)) and factor Ⅱ ((3.64 ±0.51) vs (2.65 ±0.55),P＜0.01),and lower scores in factor Ⅲ((2.51 ±0.78) vs (3.14 ± 1.03 ),P ＜ 0.01 ).The depression patients' adult attachment was significantly correlative with their scores of alexithymia.The depression patients' adult attachment was also significantly correlative with their scores of defense style.ConclusionThe attachment of depression patients may lead to depression via their defense style.Depression leads to alexitymia.Depression patients with different features of attachment show different level of alexitymia.

The second class is not only a useful supplement to the first class but also an effective way to improve the comprehensive quality and ability of students.Through the deliberate research training and laboratory work,the second class of scientific research facilitates the medical students' developing scientific thinking,expanding professional knowledge,enhancing the ability to do scientific research and cultivating the spirit of teamwork.

To evaluate the role of the vagal afferents in the generation and formation of high frequency oscillation (HFO), effect of selective electrical stimulation of A?-? afferent fiber groups of the vagus nerve (0.4-0.5 V, 0.1ms, 5-160 Hz), applied at three respiratory phases: inspiratory phase (IS), expiratory phase (ES), and continuous phase throughout both IS and ES (CS), on the phrenic HFO was quantitatively assessed on ether-anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rabbits. After calculation of the power spectrum of the efferent phrenic nerve activity, the mean square values (MSV), representing total amount of HFO-output, and the peak frequency of the HFO were estimated by means of curve-fitting method. Regardless of the mode of the stimulation, the MSV decreased in a stimulus-frequency dependent fashion. The CS was most potent, then IS, and ES was less effective, though the reduction was significant (p

Objective To investigate the serum levels of fatty cytokines in hepatitis B patients with liver fibrosis.Methods Fifty six hepatitis B patients with liver fibrosis admitted in Wenzhou Central Hospital from April 2014 to March 2016 were recruited as case group and 65 healthy subjects as control group.Serum cytokines including omentin,leptin,adiponectin and visfatin were detected in both two groups and glutamyl endopeptidase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and hepatitis B virus DNA were detected in the case group.Liver biopsy was performed in the case group and histologic activity (HA) and histologic fibrosis (HF) stage were evaluated.Results The level of omentin in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(358-119) vs.(305 ± 108) μg/L,t =2.236,P =0.037].Serum omentin,visceral fat hormone,leptin and adiponectin were not associated with liver function and HBV-DNA (P ＞0.05).There was no significant difference in adipocytokines levels between the low and high HA group (P ＞ 0.05).The level of omentin in high HF stage group was significantly higher than that in low HF stage group [(398 ± 130) vs.(292 ± 120) μg/L,t =2.648,P =0.009],while the other fatty cytokines did not show significantly differences between high and low HF groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Serum omentin level is elevated in hepatitis B patients with liver fibrosis and is associated with liver fibrosis severity.

Replenishing the insulin-producing β cell mass is considered to be a hot topic in the field of diabetes treatment.It has long been known that pancreatic β cells are generated primarily by self-duplication in adults.However,insulin resistance can induce dramatic compensatory β cell mass expansion in the pancreas.Therefore,it is of great value to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis of β cell proliferation under insulin resistance.The recent study has shown that betatrophin,a protein secreted by the liver,modulates β cell growth in response to insulin resistance.We published one article in Diabetes Care titledIncreased circulating levels of betatrophin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patientsto elaborate the relationship between diabetes and betatrophin.

Objective: To observe the expression of the G-protein-coupled-receptor 14 (GPR14), urotensinⅡreceptor, in the cardiovascular system and brain of SD rats. Methods: Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the GPR14 mRNA. Results: In cardiovascular system, GPR14 mRNA was detected in the left ventricle, left atrium, thoratic aorta and carotid aorta. The highest level of expression was found in the left ventricle. In the brain, GPR14 mRNA was detected in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum, and higher level of expression was found in the cerebellum. Conclusion: GPR14 mRNA expression is found in the cardiovascular and neural tissues of tested rat, suggesting that urotensinⅡ may play an important role in cardiovasculature and central nervous activity.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of the innate immune factors TLR2 and TLR4 in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by detecting their expression in different clinical types of CRS and the normal control group. METHOD: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 respectively in 21 cases (chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, CRSwNP) group, 15 cases (chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyos, CRSsNP) group, 11 cases recurrent CRSwNP group and 13 cases control group. Positive cells were counted under the microscope artificially, Mann-Whitney U analysis was applied for the ranked data, and one-way anova analysis was adopted to analyze the experimental group and control group. RESULT: (1) TLR2 and TLR4 expression had the same characteristics. Expression mainly concentrated in parts of the whole layer of epithelial basement membrane, cytoplasm of glandular cells, very few inflammatory cells such as monocytes and plasma cells in the cytoplasm, sometimes unknown cell nuclei positive expression. (2) The glandular cells were stained manual counting and color grading. TLR2 and TLR4 packet application Wilcoxon rank test Mann-Whitney U test analysis was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), measurement data within the group variance statistical difference between the groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The Nasal mucosa can produce the innate immune factors TLR2 and TLR4. The different expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the various clinical types of CRS suggests that they play the certain role in the pathogenesis of CRS.
Chronic Disease ; Epithelial Cells ; immunology ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; immunology ; metabolism ; Nasal Polyps ; immunology ; metabolism ; Rhinitis ; immunology ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; immunology ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism

[ABSTRACT]OBJECTIVEThe purpose of the study is to put forward some ideas and suggestions for the future research of allergic rhinitis.METHODSThe experimental animal species, strains, methods of replicating animal model and the judging standard of allergic rhinitis in China from January 1998 to December 2014 were reviewed and analyzed.RESULTSThe experimental animal species, strains, methods of replicating animal model and the judging standard of allergic rhinitis used in 137 articles were different.CONCLUSIONOnly standardized and unified experimental animal model can ensure the implementation of scientific research successfully and the reliability of the experimental results.