Diamond-like carbon(DLC)films age characterized by hish wear resistance,low friction coefficients and chemical inertness,and thus hish-corrosion resistance.The properties of DLC can further be modified by incorporating other elements in the films,such as N,F,AS,and so on,to adjust them for specific applications.These properties make the films good candidates as biocompatible coatings for biomedical devices and implants.The review gives an overview of the biomedical chagacteristics of diamond-like carbon films and their potential apphcafions.

BACKGROUND:In recent years, many scholars adopted a joint non-fusion and fusion spinal fixation for multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy, and achieved good clinical results. However, long-term clinical efficacy and possible related complications also require long-term fol ow-up of more in-depth study.
OBJECTIVE:To review the research and application progress of anterior fusion and non-fusion fixation surgical operation for cervical myelopathy.
METHODS:Computer-based search was conducted in China Journal Ful-text Database and PubMed database by the first author for articles related to anterior fusion and non-fusion fixation surgical operation for cervical myelopathy published between January 2004 and January 2014. The key words were“implant material;cervical spondylotic myelopathy;anterior;surgery;fusion;non-fusion;progress;hybrid;summary”in Chinese and“implant material;cervical spondylotic myelopathy;anterior;surgery/operation;fusion;non-fusion;research progress;hybrid;summary”in English. Final y, 35 articles were included for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fusion and non-fusion fixation methods for cervical spondylotic myelopathy had their own advantages. From the view point of indications, the non-fusion fixation was relatively limited. Currently, the fusion fixation was stil the main method in treatment of cervical myelopathy. Non-fusion method as an emerging fixation method also achieved good short-period results, but it needs a long fol ow-up study. Hybrid fixation integrates the advantages of both methods, and can reduce the pressure. Simultaneously, Hybrid fixation also can reduce fusion segments, and retain the range-of-motion of the cervical spine as much as possible. Hybrid fixation becomes a hot topic in recent studies. However, most current researches on Hybrid fixation are retrospective study, lack of control. The overal fol ow-up time is short. Thus, Hybrid fixation needs to be researched more deeply.

Objective To discuss the clinical manifestations and the morphological features of intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in childhood. Methods During the period from Jan. 2012 to June 2013, a total of 14 AVM patients under the age of 14 years were admitted to authors’ hospital. Of the 14 patients, 11 had a history of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (78.6%), 7 complained of headache (50.5% ), 5 showed signs of unilateral limb weakness (35.7% ), and 2 was accompanied with epileptic attacks (14.3% ). The clinical characteristics, the preoperative imaging features and DSA findings were retrospectively analyzed. Results DSA showed that terminal feeding branches were visualized in 9 cases and blood supply from perforating branches was seen in the remaining 5 cases. In seven cases the feeding artery was single, while in the remaining 7 cases the feeding artery was multiple, and in four of them combination blood supply from both anterior and posterior circulation was found. The lesions were situated at the lateral or convex surface of cerebral hemisphere (n = 5), lateral ventricle (n = 4), cerebral bottom (n = 3) or medial surface of cerebral hemisphere (n = 2). The lesion’s diameter was < 30 mm in 10 cases and (30 -60) mm in 4 cases. According to Spetzler- Martin grading, grade Ⅰ was seen in 4 cases, grade Ⅱ in 2 cases, grade Ⅲ in 5 cases and grade Ⅳ in 3 cases. Conclusion Although in childhood AVM lesion is small in size and lower in grading, its onset is early and the lesion is prone to bleeding. DSA findings indicate that most AVMs in childhood take the form of immature type. Nevertheless, its natural course needs to be further studied.

Through the comparative study on the psychiatric specialist training system between China, Japan and Korea, we have found that the number of psychiatric specialist training base in Japan and Korea is more than that of our country. Japan has a higher requirement of the practice training experiences for trainees before training and emphasizes how well mastering general psychiatry and understanding of society as trainees. However, the training bases in South Korean have main hos-pitals and sub main hospitals as well and trainees are stipulated to participate in a certain number of academic conferences and publish academic papers as their characteristics, which can provide a refer-ence for our country's adding more additional psychiatric specialist training bases and reasonable arrangements for trainee rotation in the future.

AIM: To observe the growthinhibiting cell cycle-modifying and apoptosis-inducing effects of satraplatin on human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS: The effect of satraplatin on A2780 cells proliferation was determined using MTT, and the change in cell cycle was analyzed using PI staining. Morphologic change was visualized by fluorescence and electron microscopy. AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining multiparameter flow cytometry and immuno- histochemical TUNEL assay were used to detect apoptotic cells. The activity of caspase-3 and the effect of pan-caspase inhibitor on cell viability were measured as well. RESULTS: The growthinhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of satraplatin were dose-dependent and similar to those of cisplatin. Satraplatin mainly caused A2780 cell accumulation in S phase accompanied by minor accumulation in G2/M phase. Cells treated with satraplatin exhibited typical morphology of apoptosis. Satraplatin-induced increase in caspase-3 activity of A2780 cells was concentration-dependent. The viability of A2780 cells was affected by pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk in a dose-dependent manner under certain concentration of z-VAD-fmk. CONCLUSION: Satraplatin-induced apoptosis in A2780 in vitro was observed. Caspase-dependent and independent pathways were involved in apoptosis induced by satraplatin, and the latter included caspase-3 dependent and non-caspase-3 dependent pathways.

Objective To explore the application value of tissue dispersion quantitative analysis in rat liver fibrosis stages and provide a reference for clinical non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis.Methods Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental group (n =64) and control group (n =8).The experimental groups of rats were gavaged with the volume fraction of 60％ CCl4 olive oil solution to form different stages of liver fibrosis,the control group did wvith normal saline,All the rat underwent tissue dispersion quantitative analysis to obtain 12 elastic parameters,the differences in above parameters were compared among rats with different liver fibrosis stages,then the correlation with pathological stages were analyzed.Results Except for COMP,ASM,CORR,there were significant differences in all parameters among rats of different liver fibrosis (P ＜0.05),which were correlated with pathological stages(P ＜0.05).Among these parameters,％ AREA had the highest correlation coefficient (r =0.891,P =0.001).The ROC curve was made by ％AREA to estimate the fibrosis stage.the area under ROC curve for ％ AREA was 0.914 (≥ the control group + S0),0.963 (≥early liver fibrosis S1 + S2),0.969 (≥middle liver fibrosis S3),0.948 (early cirrhosis S4),respectively.Conclusions The technique of tissue dispersion quantitative analysis has a good evaluation value for liver fibrosis stages,it is able to provide a preliminary reference for clinical non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis.

Objective To evaluate PBL teaching results in medical virology experiment course. Methods Medical students of class 2011 were randomized assigned into PBL group (n=45, 20 five-academic-year students and 25 seven-academic year students) and control group (n=63, 38 five-academic-year students and 25 seven-academic year students). Teaching effectiveness was evaluated by scores of experiment, medical virology examination and final examination. PBL group was surveyed with questionnaire. SPSS statistical software was used and t test was employed to do analysis. Results Scores in medical virology examination were higher in seven-academic-year students in PBL group than in control group and there was no difference in other two examination scores between the two groups. Survey showed that interest motivation, case analysis, experiment design and knowledge grasp-ing in PBL group were highly satisfied. However, evidence-based and generalization ability among seven-academic-year students as well as autonomous learning ability and ability to deduce material among five-academic-year students were not completed satisfied. Conclusions PBL with public health events in medical virology experiment course can develop students' intrinsic motivation, knowledge grasping and public health awareness. However, PBL methods should be adjusted to suit different academic students.

Objective To investigate the change of 25-hydroxyl vitamin D level and its impact on glucose metabolism and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic patients.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty-eight cases of type 2 diabetic patients in our hospital were collected.In accordance with 25 (OH) D =50 nmol/L for the critical values,they were grouped into vitamin D deficiency group ( n =192) and the relative lack of vitamin D group ( n =66).Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of the lumbar vertebrae L2 - L4 and femoral neck bone mineral density were undertaking.Taking the total value of the lumbar spine,femoral neck and total value as judgment indicators,homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR),we collected and statistically analyzed glucose metabolism and bone metabolism indicators in patients with diabetes.Results Among 258 cases of type 2 diabetes,there were 57 cases of osteoporosis accounting for 22.1％.There was significant difference on the duration of diabetes [ (7.98 ± 1.09 ) years old vs (3.77 ± 1.21 ) years old,t =4.849,P ＜0.05],FINS [ (6.42 ± 1.30) mU/L vs (5.79 ± 1.08) mU/L,t =3.871,P ＜0.05] and HOMA-IR [ (2.35 ±0.54) vs ( 1.85 ±0.41 ),t =2.705,P ＜0.05],but no significant difference on the FPG and HbA1c ( P ＞ 0.05 ) between two groups.PTH [ ( 36.51 ± 7.59) ng/L vs ( 32.02 ± 6.89 ) ng/L,t =2.008,P ＜ 0.05 ],bone mineral density in the lumbar total value [ (0.87 ±0.14) g/cm2 vs (0.99 ±0.12) g/cm2,t =2.799,P ＜0.05 ],femoral neck Neck [ ( 0.70 ± 0.10 ) g/cm2 vs ( 0.79 ± 0.11 ) g/cm2,t =2.564,P ＜ 0.05 ] and Total [ (0.84 ± 0.14) g/cm2 vs (0.97 ± 0.15 ) g/cm2,t =3.340 P ＜ 0.05 ] were statistically different,but no significant difference on the rest of the indicators.Conclusion The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in patients with diabetes.Vitamin D level could affect insulin resistance and glycemic control and bone mineral density level.Therefore,routine vitamin D testing to the diabetic patients and giving vitamin D replacement therapy to vitamin D deficiency patients in a timely manner were necessary.

Objective To evaluate the analgesic effect of parecoxib in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA).Methods The study was a prospective,randomized and double-blind trial and was operated by the same group of surgeons in 101 patients with TKA and 105 patients with THA.According to analgesic protocol,the patients were divided into three groups:Group One ( intravenous injection with parecoxib),Group Two ( periarticular injection with parecoxib) and Group Three ( the control group).The postoperative visual analog scores (VAS),range of motion ( ROM),the ability of straight leg raising and the incidence of nausea and vomiting complications were examined and compared between the three groups.Results There were no significant differences in VAS (6,12,24,36,48,72 hours after operation),ROM ( 24 hours after operation) and the ability of straight leg raising between Group One and Group Two ( P ＞ 0.05 ),but all of them were significantly higher than those in Group Three ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Nausea,vomiting and other adverse effects did not significandy increase with the use of parecoxib.Conclusions Both intraoperative intravenous injection and periarticular injection with parecoxib have a good analgesia effect on TKA and THA,which are beneficial to the rapid recovery of joint function in patients.The simple and practical method provides an effective adjunct to a multimodal analgetic approach in improving the postoperative course of TKA and THA.

Objective To compare the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at various low frequencies on upper limb function after cerebral infarction.Methods Fifty patients were randomly assigned to a control group (10 cases),a sham rTMS group (10 cases) or an rTMS group which had three sub-groups treated at 0.25 Hz,0.5 Hz and 0.75 Hz with 10 cases in each.All of the patients were treated with conventional medical treatment and rehabilitation training.The sham and true rTMS groups received rTMS applied over the M1 area of the unaffected hemisphere,5 days per week for 4 weeks.Motor evoked potential (MEP) cortical latency,and central motor conduction time (CMCT) were measured and the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA),motricity index (MI) and a Hong Kong functional test for the hemiplegic upper extremity (FTHUE-HK) were evaluated beforehand and at Post 1 after 2 weeks of treatment and Post 2 after 4 weeks of treatment.Results The average CMCT and FMA scores of the control and sham rTMS groups both had improved significantly at Post 2.There was no significant difference in any of the indices between those 2 groups at any time point.At Post 1,the average MEP cortical latencies of the 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz subgroups had improved to be significantly better than those of the control and sham rTMS groups.The average CMCTs of the 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz rTMS subgroups were significantly shorter after treatment,and significantly better than those of the control and sham rTMS groups.At Post 2,the average MEP cortical latency of all groups except the control group showed significant improvement compared with pre-treatment.The 2 indices of the 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz subgroups were again significantly shorter than those of the control and sham rTMS groups,and the average CMCTs were significantly better than that of 0.75 Hz subgroup.At Post 1 the average FMA and MI scores of the rTMS subgroups had all improved significantly.In the 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz subgroups the average MI scores were significantly higher than those of the control and sham rTMS groups.The FTHUE-HK scores of those 2 subgroups had also improved significantly.At Post 2,the average FMA and MI scores of all groups and the FTHUE-HK scores of rTMS group had improved significantly.In the 0.25 Hz and 0.5 Hz subgroups,all of the indices were significantly better than in the control and sham rTMS groups.The average FTHUE-HK score of the 0.25 Hz subgroup was significantly superior to that of the 0.75 Hz subgroup.In the 0.75 Hz subgroup the average MI score was significantly higher than in the control and sham rTMS groups.Conclusions rTMS at either 0.25 Hz or 0.5 Hz applied to the unaffected hemisphere provides effective treatment for enhancing the excitability of the motor cortex and the motor function of a paretic upper limb after stroke.Compared with others,the total number of stimulus pulse in 0.25 Hz subgroup was the least,and priority consideration should be given to the frequency of 0.25 Hz when using rTMS in clinical treatment of cerebral infarction.