Objective: To develop the Padua Inventory(PI) for the use of Chinese college students;explore the structure and examine the sex difference in non-clinical sample in China.Methods: The PI was filled by 1300 college subjects,including 680 males and 542 females(78 gender missing),aged 19.6?2.2,for exploratory factor analysis(EFA).The second sample has 30 college students from Peking University for test-retest study.Results: The results of EFA has four factors: impaired control over mental activities/doubting,worries of losing control over motor activities,contamination,and checking.Reliabilities of four factors are 0.94,0.85,0.86,0.83 for each and 0.96 for the total scores.The test-retest correlations of the four factors are 0.77,0.87,0.85,0.84 for each.Females scored significantly higher in factor 3(P=.000) while males scoring significantly higher in factor 4(P=.017).Conclusion: The results suggest that PI has eligible psychometric reliability,but needs further study for the validity in China.

Objective To know the cause for contamination of drinking water in a hotel. Methods Samples were taken from the reservoir 1 h, 14 h, 22 h and 33 h after contamination and the perceptible character, chemical and bacteriological test were done by using the methods in Analytical Methods for Water and Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality(2001). Results The turbidity increased at 14 h after contamination and the highest level reached 3.82 NTU. The residual chlorine in tap water from the reservoir was less than 0.05 mg/L, the total count of bacteria was 940 cfu/ml, the total coliform bacteria was more than 1 600 MPN/100 ml and fecal coliforms was 130 MPN/100 ml. Conclusion The contamination of drinking water in the investigated hotel is caused by drinking water reservoir leakage, so more attention must be paid to the contamination of drinking water reservoir.

Objective To observe the effect of hydrogen on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced oxidative damage to skin fibroblasts.Methods Primary human skin fibroblasts from foreskin tissues were divided into five groups:normal control group receiving no treatment,hydrogen control group treated with hydrogen-rich saline,UVB group receiving irradiation only,post-treatment group irradiated with UVB followed by hydrogen-rich saline treatment,and pre-treatment group treated with hydrogen-rich saline followed by UVB irradiation.The dose of UVB was 30,60 and 90 mJ/cm2 in the cell proliferation assay and 90 mJ/cm2 in the other experiments.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate the proliferative activity of fibroblasts,a chemiluminescence method to estimate the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase as well as to determine the level of malondialdehyde in the culture supernatant of fibroblasts,enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the supernatant level of 8-isoprostane-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α),Western blot to detect the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in fibroblasts.One-factor analysis of variance was conducted to assess differences in these parameters among these groups.Results UVB irradiation decreased the proliferative activity (absorbence value at 490 nm) of fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner.Both the pre-treatment group and post-treatment group showed a statistical increase in proliferative activity of cells compared with the corresponding UVB control groups (all P ＜ 0.05).The activity of SOD and catalase as well as the protein expression of HO-1 were significantly higher (all P ＜ 0.05),whereas the supernatant levels of malondialdehyde and 8-iso-PGF2α were statistically lower (both P ＜ 0.05) in the pre-treatment group and post-treatment group than in the UVB control group.Conclusion Hydrogen may mitigate UVB-induced oxidative damage to skin fibroblasts.

Objective To explore the effects of silencing Livin gene by RNA interference mediated by lentiviral vector on colorectal cancer HT-29 cell xenograft growth and sensitivity to radiotherapy in nude mice.Methods BALB/c nude mice models were established by subcutaneously inoculating differently treated HT-29 cells into nude mice and the tumor growth situation of tumors was observed by measuring the volume of tumors and the weight of the nude mice at different time points after cell seeding.Livin expression was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry,respetively.Apoptosis rate was detected by TUNEL.Normal saline,lentivirus carring unrelated sequences,lentivirus caning Livin shRNA were injected intratumorally.All the nude mice were given 10 Gy of 6 MV X-ray irradiation.The changes of mice weight and the tumor volume were measured at different time points and the weight and tumor growth curves were drawn.Results The inhibition rate of tumor volume was(50.04 ± 0.07)％ and the tumor weight of the RNA interfering group was significantly less than that in experimental group compared to the blank and negative groups(F=4.85,P＜0.05),and the inhibition rate of tumor weight was(50.27 ±0.17)％.Relative Livin mRNA expression level in the RNA interfering experimental group was(17.75 ±0.08)％,and was significantly lower than that of the blank group(67.60 ± 0.05)％ and the negative group(68.54 ± 0.03)％(F=89.97,P＜0.01).Livin protein expression level in the RNA inferring group was also significantly lower[(36.00 ± 3.40)％ versus(85.00 ± 3.15)％,(80.33 ± 3.08)％,F=107.32,P＜0.01].The apoptosis rate in the RNA interfering experimental group was significantly higher than that in the blank and the negative groups[(23.67 ± 2.25)％ versus(5.00 ± 1.50)％,(8.33 ± 1.82)％,F=56.94,P＜0.01].Combined with radiotherapy,the tumor volume at different groups had significant difference(F=10.70,P＜0.01),and RNA interfering group was significantly less than negative group and blank group(F=7.01-9.32,P＜0.01).Conclusions Silencing of Livin gene expression by lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference could inhibit the growth of colorectal HT-29 cell xenograft and increase the sensitivity of the transplanted tumors to radiotherapy.

Objective To explore the neuroprotective effect of cyclosporine A against cerebral ischemia in a rat model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Methods Fifty-two adult male SD rats, weighted 250-280 gram, were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group (group A, n=6), PBS control group (group B, n=23) and cyclosporine A group (group C, n=23). Group C received hypodermic injection of cyclosporine A 10mg/kg daily after surgery and group B re?ceived equal volume of PBS instead. Modified Neurological Severity(mNss)scores were used to assess the neurological deficits at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days following cerebral ischemia. The infarct volume were measured 3 days after reperfu?sion. The neurons, reactive microglia and astrocytes around the infract area were detected by immunofluorescence at 3 and 30 days after surgery. Results Modified Neurological Severity scores were significantly lower in group C than group B at the third(P=0.003),seventh (P=0.011),Fourteenth (P=0.000),twenty-first (P=0.003) and thirtieth (P=0.004) days after surgery. cyclosporine A reduced infarct volume, reactive microglia and astrocytes while increased survived neurons (P<0.001) in ischemic penumbra 3 and 30 days after reperfusion (all P<0.001). Conclusion Continuous injection of cyclosporine A not only protects neurons against ischemia damage but also improves neurological functional recovery af?ter acute stage of damage, possibly through reduction of reactive microglia cells and proliferation of astrocytes.

Objective To compare the application of evidence-based medical education and traditional medical education in the general practitioners' standardized training.Methods 80 students accepting general practitioners' standardized training were researched to compare the teaching effect of evidence-based and traditional medical education.Results Application of evidence-based medical education help to improve learning interests and learning abilities subjectively,and it helps improve exam results objectively.Conclusions Application of evidence-based medical education in the general practitioners' standardized training receives good learning effect and can help achieve the learning goal.

Objective To evaluate the value of endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) in assessment of mesorectal fascia (MRF) invasion in rectal cancer.Methods Data of 44 patients who accepted preoperative ERUS and total mesorectal excision surgery within a week were retrospective analyzed.There were 18 patients who accepted preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 26 patients didn't acceped.Taking the pathological diagnosis of circumferential resection margin (CRM) as the gold standard,the diagnostic efficiency of ERUS for the MRF invasion in rectal cancer was evaluated.Results The final pathological T staging was T1 in 2 cases,T2 in 17 cases and T3 in 25 cases.There were 2 cases of CRM positive results,and 42 cases of CRM negative results.With regard to the location of tumor,there were 16 cases located in low,and 28 cases in mid rectum.There were 26 cases located in anterior or antero-lateral wall of rectum,13 cases in posterior or postero-lateral wall,and 5 cases with a circle of rectum.The diagnostic accuracy were 83.33 ％ (15/18) and 92.31％ (24/26) for cases of accepting and not accepting the preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy;80.77％ (21/26) for cases located in anterior or antero-lateral wall,and 100％ (13/13) for cases located in posterior or postero-lateral wall;75.00％ (12/16)and 96.43 ％ (27/28) for low position and mid position tumors.The total diagnostic accuracy was 88.64％ (39/44).Conclusion ERUS can be an effective method in preoperative assessment of the MRF invasion in rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of caries susceptibility factors during the transition from caries-free to caries in three-year-old children.

METHODSThe study included 144 caries-free children aged 34-38 months. All participants underwent clinical examination and full-mouth supragingival plaque collection.Survey of children's oral health behaviors involving feeding habits and oral health care was also taken from children's parents of all participants. The children were reexamined 6 and 12 months later. According to the potential changes of caries status in twelve months follow up, all the participants were divided into three groups: caries-free group (caries free children in twelve months follow up), caries at 6-month group (children who were found with caries or cavities fillings at six months review) and caries at 12-month group (children who were caries free at six months but found with caries or cavities fillings at twelve months). Streptococcus mutans (Sm)and Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss) loads were compared among the three groups by real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR).

RESULTSOne hundred and thirty children completed twelve months review, the dropout rate was 9.7% (14/144). At the end of twelve months follow up, the number of children in caries-free group, caries at 6-month group and caries at 12-month group was 58, 44 and 28 respectively. The changes of oral behavioral habits in caries-free group, caries at 6-month group and caries at 12-month group during twelve months follow up were not significantly different (P > 0.05). At baseline, the frequency of sweets consumption and eating sweets before sleeping in caries-free group was significantly lower than that in caries at 6-month group and caries at 12-month group (P < 0.001). At baseline, the quantity of Sm and Ss in caries at 6-month group[copy number of Sm: (6.33 ± 2.21)×10(3), copy number of Ss: (1.99 ± 0.45)×10(3)] was significantly higher than that in the caries-free group[copy number of Sm: (5.81 ± 2.43)×10(3), copy number of Ss: (1.34 ± 0.53)×10(3)] (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the quantity of Sm and Ss in the caries-free group and caries at 12-month group(P > 0.05). At six months, the quantity of Sm and Ss in caries at 12-month group was significantly higher than that in the caries-free group although both groups of children were caries-free at six months (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe quantity of Sm and Ss increased six months before the caries onset in three-year-old children.High frequency sweets consumption and eating sweets before sleeping were important susceptibility factors for caries onset in the future.

Child, Preschool ; Dental Caries ; Dental Caries Susceptibility ; Dental Plaque ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mouth ; Oral Health ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Streptococcus mutans ; isolation & purification ; Streptococcus sobrinus ; isolation & purification

Objective To assess the value of percutaneous posterior ultrasound-guided transgluteal approach for draining presacral abscesses.Methods From June 2013 to December 2015,retrospectively reviewed were performed in 48 patients with presacral abscesses confirmed by CT or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)were retrospectively reviewed,and these patients underwent percutaneous US-guided transgluteal abscess drainage and catheter placement.The medical records were reviewed to determine the origins,location,and size of the abscesses,size of catheter,duration of catheter drainage,incidence of catheter-related pain and procedure-related complications,and short and long-term outcomes.The duration of drainage among different size of drainage catheter was compared,and the correlation between the volume of abcess and duration of abcess drainage was analyzed.Results The origins of the pelvic abscesses included anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery(n=38)and congenital macrocolon operation(n=3),radiation proctitis(n=2),recurrence of rectal cancer complicated with intestinal perforation,Crohn disease(n=1),appendicitis with abscess formation(n=1),rectal fistula(n=1),and postoperative pancreatic pseudocyst(n=1).The abscesses were 24-135 mm in diameter.The volume of the abscesses was 4.8-283.4 ml.The sizes of catheters used were 8-12F,and the mean duration of drainage was 13 days(range:1-52).In 42(91.3%)of 46 patients,there was complete resolution of the abscess following transgluteal drainage,without subsequent surgery.In four of 46(8.7%)patients,incomplete resolution necessitated subsequent surgery.No significant difference in drainage time was observed among 8-16F catheters(all P ＞ 0.05).The volume of abscess was positively correlated with the drainage time(r=0.281,P＜0.05).No major complications were observed,either during or after the transgluteal procedure.Conclusion Percutaneous US-guided transgluteal drainage is a safe,effective and well tolerated alternative to surgery for deep pelvic abscesses,and thus is worthy of clinical application.

Objective: To explore the effects of individual materialism, social status on victimization, and to provide a reference for the intervention of campus bullying. Methods: A total of 2 597 grade 7 students representing 47 classes from 7 junior middle schools in Zhenzhou were administered with Material Values Scale, Peer Nomination Questionnaire and Victim Questionnaire. Hierarchical Linear Model was used in data analysis. Results: Peer rejection(γ=0.15, P<0.01) and individual materialism(γ=0.13, P<0.01) positively predicted victimization, while popularity negatively predicted victimization(γ=-0.05, P<0.01). Class materialism norm also could positively predict victimization(γ=0.82, P<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant interaction between class materialism norm and peer rejection(γ=0.30, P<0.05), and the results of simple effect showed that with the increase of materialism level, the negative impact of peer rejection on victimization was increasing(γ high=0.18, Z high=7.80; γ low=0.12, Z low=5.50, P<0.01). Conclusion Peer rejection, individual materialism, popularity and class materialism norm affect individual bullying, and class materialism norm could moderate the relationship between peer rejection and victimization.