With the development and wide application of antibiotics, the number of resistant strains keeps growing and there is a trend towards a higher isolation rate of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) year by year, accompanied by the increasing drug resistance.As reported in recent years, vancomycin resistant or intermediate staphylococcus aureus was isolated from different geographical regions.The prevalence of MRSA infection has become a serious public health problem, which is also the global focus in the medical field.This review focuses on the prevalence of MRSA colonization and infection, drug resistance mechanism,mode of transmission, prevention and efficacy in neonatal intensive care unit.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and the economic effectiveness of different therapeutic schemes for Chronic hepatitis UB.Methods Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B were treated by using different drugs:Interferon ?1b(group A),Lamivudine(group B),Interferon ?1b combination with Lamivudine(group C),Interferon ?1b combination with thymotentin(group D),Interferon ?1b combination with thymosin alphal(group E).Evaluation was carried out with pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness.Results At the end of therapy,the clearance rate of serum HbeAg was lowest in group B(10 94%),the other groups were more than 50%.The clearance rate of serum HBV-DNA was higher in group B and C than in the other groups,it was 85 94%,87 93% respectively.Normalizing ALT values was higher in group C,group D and group E than in group A and group B.The costs of several therapeutic schemes were RMB 8156 7(group A),6935(group B),15091 7(group C),26033 4(group D) and 89978 4(group E) yuans,respectively.Conclusions According to the evaluation with pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis,the therapeutic scheme of Interferon ?1b,Lamivudine and Interferon ?1b combination with Lamivudine is best one for treating chronic hepatitsi B,in this groups,Interferon ?1b combination with Lamivudine was better than the other two groups.

Objective To investigate the distribution of the bacteria in ascites of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), and to find out the resistance of the bacteria to antibacterial agents. Methods 44 inpatients from 1999 to 2003 with SBP and positive bacterial culture in ascites were selected, and the bacterial distribution, resistance to drugs and the application of antibacterial agents were analyzed. Results 88.6% (39/44) of the 44 isolations were gram-negative bacillus, among them 28 isolations were E. coli. The results of drug sensitive test revealed that 90% of E. coli, Aeromonas sobria, Klebsiella pneumoniae were sensitive to the third generation of cephalosporin. The resistant rate of E. coli to cefotriaxone and cefotaxime were 11.54% and 12.50%, respectively. Conclusion The third generation of cephalosporin was the experiential selection in treating SBP before getting the report of drug sensitive test. Anti-bacterial agents combined with ?-lactamase inhibitors may be used in treating some severe cases.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cost and effectiveness of three pharmacotherapeutic schemes for hemorrhage of upper digestive tract caused by liver cirrhosis.METHODS:132 patients with hemorrhage of upper digestive tract were treated by different drugs:octreotide(49),somatostatin(42),pituitrin(41).Evaluation was carried out with pharmacoeconomic cost-ef_fectiveness analysis.RESULTS:The hemostatic rates of octreotide,somatostatin and pituitrin for rupture of esophageal varicosis were 88.89%,80% and 46.15%;for peptic ulcer bleeding associated with liver cirrhosis 88.89%,87.50% and 50.00% and for hemorrhage from acute gastric mucosa erosion combined with liver cirrhosis 100.00%,94.44% and 68.18%,respectively.The costs of octreotide,somatostatin and pituitrin schemes were RMB 2 242.8,3 294 and 996.2 yuans,respectively.CONCLU_SION:According to the evaluation with pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis,the therapeutic scheme of pituitrin seems to be the best one for treating hemorrhage of upper digestive tract resulting from liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: The mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) may affects vascular smooth muscle cell Ras protein and suppress cellular proliferation through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway, which plays an important role in pathogenesis of vascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis. Mfn-2 gene amino acid sequence of the first 442 serine serves as protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site, which is closely related to its phosphorylation status and may be involved in its functional regulation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Mfn2 gene with PKA phosphorylation site deletion[Mfn2-PKA (△)] on inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and related signaling pathway.METHODS: Vascular smooth muscle cells of rats infected by recombinational adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein,Mfn2 gane and Mfn2-PKA (△), were subcultured for 3-10 passages and randomly divided into 4 groups: ① Control group without intervention. ② Control group infected with adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein. ③ Experiment group infected with adenovirus carrying Mfn-2 gene.④ Experiment group infected with adenovirus carrying Mfn2-PKA (△). Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the locations of Mfn2 gene with and without PKA in cells. The expressions of extracallular signal-regulated protein kinase, Mfn2 gone and Mfn2-PKA (△) were determined by Western blot analysis. The growth curve of the vascular smooth muscle cells was explored by MTT.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Mfn-2 and Mfn2-PKA (△) both expressed protein-specific bands in vascular smooth muscle cells. Two kinds of gone expression products were mainly located at the out membrane of mitochondria. Compared with the control group and adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein group, the absorbance values at 3, 4, 5, 6 days were significantly reduced in adenovirus carrying Mfn2 group (P ＜ 0.01), and no obvious changes were observed in adenovirus carrying Mfn2-PKA (△) group. Compared with the control group and adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein group, the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase expression was significantly reduced in adenovirus carrying Mfn2 group (P ＜ 0.01), and no obvious changes were observed in adenovirus carrying Mfn2-PKA (△) group. Mfn2-PKA (△) located at the out membrane of mitochondria, has no effect on suppressing the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and no inhibition effect on extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate effects of Tanshinone Ⅱ A (Tan Ⅱ) on proliferation and apoptosis of myeloblastic leukemia cell lines.Methods NB4,K562 and THP-1 cells were incubated with TanⅡA for 24,48 and 72 hours.Ddaunorubicin was used as a positive control.Cell proliferation was monitored by MTT assay.Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI flow cytometry.Expression of Caspase-3 was quantified by spectrophotometry.Results After incubation with various leukemia cells for 24,48 and 72 hours,Tan Ⅱ inhibited proliferation of NB4 cells with IC50 of 24.11,9.60 and 7.28 μmol/L,inhibited K562 cells with IC50 of 31.75,11.88 and 6.81 μmol/L and inhibited THP-1 cells with IC50 of 111.10,32.82 and 11.82,respectively.After treatment with Tan Ⅱ for 48 hours,cell apoptosis,the number of G1 phase cells and the expression of Caspase-3 in all three leukemia cell lines were increased significantly comparing with the blank control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Tan Ⅱ A has proliferation inhibitory effect on myeloblastic leukemia cell lines by the order of effect NB4＞K562＞THP-1.Tan ⅡA displays anti-leukemia activity possibly through arresting leukemia cells in G1 phase and inducing apoptosis by increasing Caspase-3 expression.

To explore the clinical effect of ganglioside sodium in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction and its influ-ence on hs-CRP and TNF-α in serum. Methods:A total of 216 patients with acute cerebral infarction were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group. The control group (108 cases) was given regular treatment, and the observation group (108 cases) was given 100 mg ganglioside in 250 ml 0. 9% sodium chloride, ivd, qd additionally, and the treatment course was 14d. The clinical effect of the two groups was compared, and the change of hs-CRP and TNF-αin serum was also researched in both groups. Re-sults:The total effective rate of the observation group was 90. 7%, which was obviously higher than that of the control group (71. 3%, P<0. 05). After the treatment, the NDS score of the observation group was lower than that before the treatment, while the ADL score was higher than that before the treatment (P<0. 05). After the treatment, the level of hs-CRP and TNF-α in serum was higher than that before the treatment in the two groups (P<0. 05), and that in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0. 05). During the treatment, no adverse reaction was shown in the two groups. Conclusion:The clinical effect of ganglioside sodi-um in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction is promising, which can reduce the level of hs-CRP and TNF-αin serum of the patients and improve the scores of NDS and ADL with good safety, and is worthy of further clinical application.

Objective To investigate the correlation between neuronal injury and the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats, also to study the effect of caspase-3 particular inhibitor. Methods The focal cerebral ischemia model (occluding middle cerebral artery of the rats) was made by using modified inserting thread method and reperfusion after embolizing for one hour. Using HE staining, TUNEL staining and microscopy to observe the morphological changes of ischemic neurons at six different time points including 6,12,24,48 and 72 h, using immunohistochemistry to observe the changes of caspase-3 and CAD protein in two groups (model group and interfere group). Results There was no significant difference between the two groups using HE staining and microscopy. While there was difference of TUNEL staining positive cells in all time points, except 6 h time point; Both the two groups reached the expression peak of caspase-3 in 24 h, and the number was 2. 360± 0. 318 and 0. 804 ± 0. 206 respectively(t' = 10. 039, P < 0. 01), there was statistical significance from 12 h to 48 h between the two groups ; The expression peak time of CAD protein in two groups was 48 h, and the number was 3.061 ± 0. 567 and 0. 812 ± 0. 240 respectively (t' = 8. 960, P < 0. 01), there was statistical significance from 12 to 72 h between two groups. Conclusions Caspase-3-CAD-DNA degradation is one important way of neuronal injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion of rats, caspase-3 inhibitor can protect neuron in a certain degree.

Objective: To study the effect of different sorts of fertilizer on the content of tanshinone Ⅱ A, the effective element of cultivated Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae. Methods: Fertilize Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae with the several kinds of combination: the oddment cake(round flat cake made of residue of seed after extracting oil form it), pig manure, chicken manure, duck manure, human excrement, plant ashes, dregs of a decoction (residue of Traditional Chinese medicine material after being extracted), phosphoric fertilizer and compound fertilizer; and gather Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae one year later. Determine the content of Tanshinone Ⅱ A in cultivated Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae by HPLC. Results: The contents of Tanshinone Ⅱ A in Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae fertilized by different sorts of fertilizer are of significant difference. Conclusion: Plant ashes, oddment cake and compound fertilizer are good for growing of Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae and raises of the content of Tanshinone Ⅱ A.

Objective To express virus-like particles(VLP) of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in Han-senula polymorpha.Methods The coding sequences of P1 and 3CD genes of EV71 were optimized accord-ing to codon usage bias of Hansenula polymorpha for achieving high expression , and then cloned into the ex-pression vector PMV of Hansenula polymorpha .The recombinant expression vector PMV-P1-3CD was trans-formed into Hansenula polymorpha AU 0501 .The transformants were stably cultured in selective medium (Yeast Nitrogen Base) and screened for strains with positive P1 and 3CD genes by PCR.Then an induced cultivation on the recombinant strains were performed in a medium supplemented with methanol to a final concentration of 1.0%and the expressed products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays to select high expression strains .The high expression strains were cultured in 30 L fermentor and its fermenta-tion products were analyzed by electronic microscope after purification .Results EV71 recombinant expres-sion strains were successfully constructed .The results of SDS-PAGE showed that the expressed products had obvious VP3, VP1, VP0 protein bands with molecular weights of 26×103, 33×103 and 35×103, respective-ly, which were consistent with the expected molecular weight of the fusion proteins .Western blot demonstra-ted that the expressed products could be specifically recognized by the polyclonal antibody against EV 71-VP1 at 33 ×10 3 , indicating its high immunoreactivity .ELISA confirmed that the expression level of EV 71 fermen-tation products was reached to 200 mg/L.Electronic microscope analysis showed that the VLP of recombi-nant EV71 were 24-30 nm in diameter with normal structure .Conclusion The virus-like particles of human enterovirus 71 are successfully expressed in Hansenula polymorpha , which provides a foundation for the fur-ther development of EV 71 VLP vaccine .