OBJECTIVE:To study the extraction rate and speciation of antivitiligo-related elements in Opercalina turperthum by water extraction and semi-bionic extraction. METHODS:Water extraction and semi-bionic extraction were respectively used. Wa-ter-soluble state and suspension state in extract of O. turperthum were separated by microporous filtering film;organic and inorgan-ic trace elements in water-soluble state were separated by macroporous resin. The contents of Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca,Mg,Mn and Sr were detected by flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometry,and speciation analysis was conducted. RESULTS:After water extrac-tion,extraction rates of 7 trace elements were 40.47%-72.49%;ratio of suspended particles was 3.69%-8.78%;ratio of organic state/inorganic state was 104.36% in water-soluble state of Sr and 3.94%-48.39% in water-soluble state of Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca,Mg, Mn. After semi-bionic extraction,except for Mn,extraction rates of trace elements were higher than water extraction,extraction rates of Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca,Mg,Sr were 77.69%-90.19%;ratio of suspended particles was 0.39%-8.57%;the ratio of organic state/inorganic state was 72.74%-180.79% in water-soluble state of elements. CONCLUSIONS:Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca,Mg,Mn and Sr in O. turperthum are dissolved easily,mainly existing in the form of inorganic state. After semi-bionic extraction,except for Mn,the dis-solution rate of other elements and the proportion of organic trace elements after dissolution increase significantly. Both dissolution and effective utilization rate of trace elements by semi-bionic extraction are higher than water extraction.

With the development of biotechnology and medical technology, screening methods for colorectal cancer have been gradually improved, including invasive and non-invasive methods. Because of the high price of invasive tests and poor patient compliance, it is not yet possible to use them independently for the nationwide colorectal cancer screening. There is an urgent need for simpler, more economical, more specific and sensitive examinations as auxiliary means, so the non-invasive examination method has become a research hotspot in this field. The invasive examination is mainly endoscopy, while the non-invasive examination is mainly imaging examination and detection based on different sample sources. This article reviews the current status and research progress of colorectal cancer screening methods.

Objective:To observe the hypoglycemic and weight loss effects of liraglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) com-plicated with obesity, and explore new treatment strategies for T2DM complicated with obesity. Methods: Totally 38 T2DM patients complicated with obesity with dissatisfactory blood sugar control treated with oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin were enrolled and divid-ed into group A ( overweight group, 28 kg·m-2 >BMI≥24 kg·m-2 , 18 cases) and group B ( obesity group, BMI≥28 kg·m-2 , 20 cases) according to the body mass index ( BMI) . Liraglutide was used in all the participants for 12 weeks. The height, weight, BMI,HbA1c, fasting blood glucose(FBG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose(2hPG), fasting insulin(FINS),2-hour postprandial in-sulin (2hPINS),fast-c peptide(FCP), 2-hour postprandial c-peptide(2hCP) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), pancreaticβcell function index( HOMA-β) of the two groups were detected before and after the liraglutide treatment. Results:After the treatment with liraglutide, HbA1c, FPG, 2hPG, FCP,2hCP,HOMA-β,HOMA-IR were significantly decreased (P<0. 01) than before in the two groups, while there were no significant differences between the groups(P>0. 05). However, the body weight in group B was sig-nificantly lower than before (P<0. 01), while there were no significant change in group A(P>0. 05). Conclusion: Liraglutide can effectively control blood glucose level, ameliorate insulin resistance and obviously decrease the body weight in the T2DM patients com-plicated with obesity.

Objective:To establish the quality evaluation method of Prunellae spica dispensing granules based on three quality indexes of standard decoction. Methods:Fourteen batches of Prunellae spica were collected from different habitats. According to technical requirements, fourteen batches of Prunellae spica standard decoction and three batches of formula granules were prepared and the paste-forming rates were calculated. The fingerprints of Prunellae spica standard decoction and formula granules were established by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). The similarity values of fingerprints between dispensing granules and standard decoction were calculated. The content and transferring rate of Rosmarinic acid were determined and calculated. Results:The average paste-forming rate of Prunellae spica was (12.59±2.32)%. The paste-forming rates of the three batches were 11.14%, 10.78% and 10.39% respectively. The average content of Rosmarinic acid in standard decoction was (18.99±9.74)mg/g. The average transferring rate was (60.58±7.87)%. The contents of three batches were 7.40 mg/g, 7.49 mg/g and 7.09 mg/g. The transferring rates were 52.06%, 50.10% and 50.40% respectively. Nine common fingerprint peaks were identified in the fingerprints of standard decoction and formula granules, two of which were identified as Rosmarinic acid and Caffeic acid by comparison of reference substance. The fingerprints similarity of Prunellae spica dispensing granules and standard decoction were 0.954, 0.973 and 0.952, respectively. Conclusions:The quality indexes of three batches of formulation granules are consistent with standard decoction. This method could provide reference for the establishment of quality standard of Prunellae spica dispensing granules.

OBJECTIVE：To establish UPLC fingerpri nt of Ligusticum sinense ，Ligusticum jeholense and Conioselinum vaginatium，and to conduct their chemometrics analysis so as to provide reference for the identification of Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins. METHODS ：UPLC method combined with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprints （2012 edition） were used to establish the fingerprints of Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins. Chromatographic peak identification and similarity evaluation were carried out. Cluster analysis （CA），principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）were performed to analyze Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins，and screen differential components. RESULTS ：Totally 13，11，11 characteristic peaks were identified in UPLC fingerprints of L. sinense ，L. jeholense and C. vaginatium ，respectively. Similarity evaluation showed that the similarity between C. vaginatium and L. jeholense were 0.312-0.541；that between C. vaginatium and L. sinense were 0.324-0.682；that between L. sinense and L. jeholense were 0.312-0.671，indicating there was great difference among Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins. CA，PCA and OPLS-DA showed that Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins were clustered into each category respectively ； chemical components represented by peak 10，peak 13，peak 12，peak 7 and peak 6 were differential components for Rhizoma Ligustici from 3 origins. CONCLUSIONS ：The study establishes UPLC fingerprint of Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins ， and screens 5 differential components ，which can be used to identify Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins.

OBJECTIVE To establi sh the fingerprint of Cnidium monnieri and a method for the content determination of 4 kinds of coumarins. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） method was adopted to establish the fingerprints of 21 batches of C. monnieri ； their similarities were evaluated with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012 edition）；common peaks were identification by comparison with reference substance. Using 10 common peak areas as variables ，cluster analysis was performed for 21 batches of C. monnieri by the method of between groups. The relative correction factors of xanthotoxin ，bergapten and imperatorin were calculated by the same UPLC method with osthole as the internal reference. The contents of them were calculated by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker （QAMS），and compared with the results of external standard method. RESULTS Totally 10 common peaks were identified in the fingerprints of 21 batches of C. monnieri ；the similarities ranged from 0.997 to 1.000. Peak 4 was identified as xanthotoxin ，peak 8 as bergapten ，peak 9 as imperatorin and peak 10 as osthole. A total of 21 batches of samples were divided into 3 categories，of which S 7 was clustered into one category ，S14 was clustered into one category ，and the other 19 batches were clustered into one category. The relative deviations of the contents of xanthotoxin ，bergapten and imperatorin determined by QAMS and external standard method were in the range of 0.88％ -1.07％ ，2.22％ -2.29％ ，0.67％ -2.93％ ，respectively. CONCLUSIONS UPLC fingerprint of C. monnieri is successfully established ，and QAMS method for content determination of 4 coumarins is also established.