In recent years,there are more and more cases of retinal infectious diseases in China,however,the diagnosis and management of those patients are still big challenges for our ophthalmicclinicians.It is our top priority to improve their capacity of early diagnosis for those diseases.We need toknow the relationship between retinal infectious diseases and systemic infections,their predisposingfactors.We also need to be familiar with the typical as well as atypical clinical features of those diseases.Vitreoretinal surgery already becomes a powerful tool to make diagnosis of retinal infectious diseases now;we need to make full use of this tool combined with modern technologies of microbiology,cytology,immunology and molecular biology to provide objective scientific evidences for the early diagnosis of retinalinfectious diseases.

Objective To observe the morphological changes of dendrite and soma in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) which subsisted in early diabetic rats. Methods The RGCs of 3-months-course diabetic rats and coeval normal rats were marked by gene gun techniques. To collect RGCs photographs by Leica microscope with Z axis and CCD camera;to observe the changes of diameter, variance of structural features in dendritic field and somata after classification which according to the size and morphology. Thy-1 antibody marks on the retinal RGCs, taking a photograph under fluorescent microscope, counting the changes of retinal RGCs density in early diabetic rat. Results In three-month diabetic rats, the density of retinal RGCs was decreased obviously. Morphological changes of RGCs in the dendritic fields were observed with gene gun technique. There was no severe variation in all kinds of the bole of cell dendrite,in which some only showed crispation partially and sparseness also twisting in the dendritic ramus. The mean diameter of dendritic field and soma in class A of diabetic rats was (401±86)μm, the mean diameter of dendritic field in control group was (315±72) μm,compared with each other, there is statistically significant differences (t=21. 249, P<0. 001), the mean diameter of soma in class A of diabetic rats was (24±6) μm, the mean diameter of soma in control group was (22±5) μm, compared with each other,there is no statistically significant differences (t= 0. 927,P>0.05); the mean diameter of dendritic field and soma in class B of diabetic rats were (170±36). (14±2) μm respectively, in control group were (165±36), (16±2) μm, the mean diameter of dendritic field and soma in class C of diabetic group were (265±78),(17±5) μm respectively, in control group were (251±57),(17±4) μm , compared with each other,there are on statistically significant differences (t=1.357,0.798,0. 835,1.104 ,P>0.05). ConclusionsIn short-term diabetes, the survived RGCs show good plasticity in adult diabetic rats, especially in class A. The changes of dendrites were more sensitive than the soma, which could be the leading index of themorphologic changes of RGCs in the early stage. The good plasticity showed by the RGCs and the time window from changing in dendrite to cell death provide us many evidences not only for the research but also for the nerve protection in clinic.

Obiective To investigate the change of the activity of proliferation in cultivated M?ller cells treated by advanced glycation endoproducts (AGEs), and the effect of these changes on expression of occludin in bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells (BREC). Methods The cultivated M?ller cells were devided into normal growth group and cultured with AGEs group. The cultured BREC were devided into 4 groups:group 1, without any medium; group 2, with normal growth M?ller cell medium (MCM); group 3,MCM treated by AGEs; group 4, without cell as the control. Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was used to detect the content of occludin in the medium in the 4 groups. Results The content of expression of occludin was the most in group 2, less in group 1, and the least in group 3. Conclusion AGEs may promote the abnormal proliferation of M?ller cells and inhibit the expression of occludin in BREC.

Objective To observe whether the retrograde axial flow of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in diabetic rats at the early stage was damaged. Methods Diabetic model was induced by streptozotocin in 6 adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Fluorogold (FG) was injected to the superior colliculi 4 weeks later. Streched preparation of retina was made 12 and 72 hours after the injection, and was stained after photographed by fluorescent microscope. The proportion of RGC with different sizes labeled by FG was calculated. Other 6 normal adult male SD rats were in the control group. Results Twelve hours after injection with FG, there was no difference of the total number of RGC in experimental and control group, but the ratio of small RGC was lower in experimental group than that in the control group; 72 hours after injection with FG, The number of RGC, especially the small RGC, decreased obviously in experimental group compared with the control group. Conclusion The speed of the retrograde axial flow of RGC in diabetic rats at the early stage is affected, and the small RGC are damageable.

Purpose To investigate the histopathologic changes of macula lutea retinae in the elderly Chinese population,and to provide information for the cause of visiual disturbance in an autopsy study. Methods Two hundred and twelve eyes from 108 consecutive cases of postmortem (mean age of 78.4 years old) sections of the area of macula lutea retinae were studied by histopathology. Results Among the 212 eyes,hard drusen were found in 36.3% of eyes and soft drusen in 19.3% of eyes.The eyes with both of the above mentioned 2 types of drusens were found to be combined with RPE atrophy and RPE detachment;and subretinal neovascularization were found in 5.7% of these eyes and they were associated with obvious RPE atrophy and photoreceptor loss;3.2% eyes had posterior scleral staphyloma showing thinning of the sclera and choroid,RPE atrophy and apparent photoreceptor loss;2.4%eyes showed CME with the history of cataract surgery. Conclusion The macular affections,age related macular degeneration,myopic macular degeneration and post operative cystoid macular edema are varying in number in the above mentioned order successively,in elderly Chinese at an autopsy study.

Objective To develop a method for the determination to organochlorine pesticides by gas chromatography-mass spectra-mass spectra.Methods The temperature of inlet was 250 ℃,the injection volume was 1 ?l,without split injection.The temperature of EI source was 300 ℃,the ionization energy was 70 eV,solvent delay time was 3.75 min,transfer line temperature was 280 ℃.181,235,246(m/z)were selected as parent ion,and 145,165,176(m/z)were sub ion.Results In the range of 0-50 ?g/L,every component had a good linearity,r≥0.99,the limit of detection≤0.01 ?g/L.Its average rate of recovery was in the range of 86.1%-101.8%,and the relative standard deviations(RSDs) were between 4.41%-8.07%.Conclusion Gas chromatography-mass spectra-mass spectra is more precise for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trace organochlorine pesticides residues in drinking water.

Objective To observe the characteristics of images of optic coherence tomography (OCT) for the macular region of congenital retinoschisis and investigate its significance. Methods The data of OCT of 11 patients (20 eyes) with congenital macular retinoschisis diagnosed by direct or preplaced-mirror ophthalmoscopy, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and electroretinography (ERG) were retrospectively analyzed. Results The images of OCT showed split in the mid portion of sensory retina at the macula in all eyes. The retina of fovea centralis was divided by the split into two slightly thickening layers. In addition, in a few number of cases, the parafoveal sensory retina which became much thickening with 2 splits, was divided into 3 layers. Conclusion The characteristic of images of OCT in macular congenital retinoschisis is the split cavity at the middle layer of the retina, and OCT has a high sensitivity in the diagnosis of congenital retinoschisis.

Objective To assess the long-term surgical outcomes,patient's satisfaction and functional results of correction for patients with penile curvature by 16-dot minimal tension plication.Methods Between August 2004 and December 2010,92 patients with penile curvature underwent surgical correction of penile curvature by 16-dot minimal tension plication.Of them,86 patients (53 patients with congenital penile curvature and 33 patients with Peyronie's disease (PD)) were reached for long-term follow-up.Indications for operation included patients with 30 to 90 degrees of penile curvature,penile length greater than 10 cm and patients who had one or more symptoms,such as difficulty or inability to vaginal penetration and partner discomfort during sexual intercourse.Patients were excluded from study if they had severe penile curvature (greater than 90 degrees),hourglass deformities or large plaques.Preoperative evaluation included international index of erectile function 5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire score,pain on erection and physical examination.Patients were recommended daily low dose phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors 2 weeks after surgery and maintained for 2 to 3 months.At follow-up,recurrence rate,complications,erectile function,patients and partner's satisfaction with the surgery were assessed.Results The mean time of follow-up was 79 months (range,35-107 months).Of 86 patients who had been reached for long-term follow up,82 patients (95.3％) and 77 partners (89.5％) reported overall satisfaction after the surgery.Complete penile straightening was achieved in 79 patients (91.8％).Slight residual curvatures were observed in 7 patients,but did not affect their sexual intercourse.Postoperative penile length shortening (median penile length loss 1.3 cm) was noted in 35 patients (40.7％),which did not affect their sexual intercourse.In addition,no de novo erectile dysfunction was observed,and sexual function was significantly improved evidenced by the IIEF-5 scores,especially in the patients who had received PDE-5 inhibitors for 2 to 3 months.There were no surgery-related complications,such as hematoma,urethral injury,or infection.Conclusion The longterm results demonstrate that correction of penile curvature using 16-dot plication is a simple and safe method to achieve cosmetic and functional satisfaction in patients with mild to moderate penile curvature.

The traditional primary culture methods of human normal epithelial cells have disadvantages of low activity of cultured cells,the low cultivated rate and complicated operation.To solve these problems,researchers made many studies on culture process of human normal primary epithelial cell.In this paper,we mainly introduce some methods used in separation and purification of human normal epithelial cells,such as tissue separation method,enzyme digestion separation method,mechanical brushing method,red blood cell lysis method,percoll layered medium density gradient separation method.We also review some methods used in the culture and subculture,including serum-free medium combined with low mass fraction serum culture method,mouse tail collagen coating method,and glass culture bottle combined with plastic culture dish culture method.The biological characteristics of human normal epithelial cells,the methods of immunocytochemical staining,trypan blue exclusion are described.Moreover,the factors affecting the aseptic operation,the conditions of the extracellular environment,the conditions of the extracellular environment during culture,the number of differential adhesion,and the selection and dosage of additives are summarized.

Objective:To explore the potential molecular mechanism of Erigeron breviscapus in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke through network pharmaco-molecular docking.Methods:The Chinese Herbal Medicine Systematic Pharmacology Platform(TCMSP)database provided active ingredients and potential targets of Erigeron breviscapus.Ischemic stroke-related targets were searched through the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)database,the bioinformatics and chemoinformatics(DrugBank)database and human gene comprehensive database(GeneCards).The targets criteria were de-weighted by the Protein Data Bank(Uniprot)and imported into the Venny online platform to obtain the intersecting targets of both.The intersecting targets were visualized by STRING database and Cytoscape 3.7.1 software for protein-protein interaction(PPI),followed by the enrichment analysis of intersection targets for gene ontology(GO)function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway.AutoDock Vina1.5.6 software was used to verify the molecular docking of key active ingredients and core targets and realize the vi-sualization of docking results.Results:Eleven active ingredients and 176 targets were obtained.There were 690 targets ischemic stroke-related targets and 69 intersection targets.Through PPI network,10 core genes were screened according to the degree value,including tumor necrosis factor(TNF),interleukin-6(IL-6),serine/threonine protein kinase 1(AKT1),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA).KEGG enrichment included the advanced glycation end products-receptor(AGE-RAGE)signaling pathway,interleukin-17(IL-17)signaling pathway,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,etc.The top 3 active ingredients and the top 5 target proteins were selected according to the degree value,and the molecular docking results demonstrated a considerable binding ability.Conclusion:Erigeron breviscapus in the treatment of ischemic stroke may work through multiple active ingredients,such as quercetin,kakaferol,and luteolin,which act on TNF,IL-6,AKT1,IL-1β,and VEGFA,and through a varie-ty of signaling pathways such as IL-17,TNF,etc.showing the characteristics of multi-components,multi-targets,and multi-pathways.