The animal models used in the experimental research of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to prevent and treat T2DM are mainly spontaneous and induced. The experimental research of TCM in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes can be divided into Chinese medicine compound, Chinese medicine and its extract, Chinese medicine monomer. The mechanism is mainly through regulating intestinal flora, increasing insulin content, lowering blood sugar, lowering blood lipids, improving glucose tolerance, and improving gluconeogenesis, antioxidant, inhibit cell apoptosis, etc. play the role of preventing and treating T2DM in multiple links and multiple targets.

This study was aimed to observe the intervention effect of oxidation/antioxidation at different time point among mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bleomycin. It provided experimental basis for the establishment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal model with qi-deficiency and phlegm-obstructing pattern with inducers mentioned above. A total of 96 mice were randomly divided into the normal control group, bleomycin group, and LPS group, with 32 mice in each group. In the bleomycin group and LPS group, 40 μL of nasal drops were given with bleomycin at the concentration of 3.75 μg/μL or LPS at the concentration of 5 μg/μL, respectively to establish the COPD animal model with qi-deficiency and phlegm-obstructing pattern. On the 1st day, 7th day, 14th day and 28th day after the model establishment, the general status and activities of mice were recorded. And traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) signs such as skin color of the four limbs, skin color under the tongue and color of the tail were also collected when the animal model was sacrificed. At each time point, 8 mice were sacrificed. The lung tissues were removed. And the contents of GSH, MDA, SOD and T-AOC were detected in the homogenate of lung tissues. The results showed that compared with the normal control group, mice in the bleomycin group had slightly dull eyes, dry hair without burnish, upright and fluffy hair, dark purple skin color of the auricle and four claws, tiredness, inactivity, occasional cough, asthma or rapid breathing. The GSH content of lung tissues on the 7th day, 14th day and 28th day was obviously reduced (P< 0.05, or P< 0.01). The MDA, SOD and T-AOC contents on the 1st day, 7th day, 14th day and 28th day were obviously reduced (P< 0.05, or P< 0.01). Compared with the normal control group, mice in the LPS group had slightly dull eyes, soft hair with slight burnish, pale red skin color of the auricle and four claws, tiredness; some mice preferred to gather. Contents of GSH and SOD in lung tissues on the 1st day and 7th day were obviously reduced (P< 0.05, or P< 0.01). Contents of MDA and T-AOC on the 1st day, 7th day and 14th day were obviously reduced (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01). It was concluded that obvious oxidation/antioxidation imbalance started on the 7th day in lung tissues of mice in the bleomycin group. It reduced later on. And the oxidation/antioxidation imbalance continued until the end of the model establishment. Obvious oxidation/antioxidation imbalance started on the 1st day in lung tissues of mice in the LPS group. However, this oxidation/antioxidation imbalance was adjusted back to normal level through time.

AIM To observe the protective effects of mangiferin on the inflammatory injury and expression of the inflammatory factor in the cerebral tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats and on MCP-1/CCR2 signal pathway.METHODS Forty spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into model,benazepril [10 mg/(kg · d)] and mangiferin high,middle and low dose [40,20,10 mg/(kg · d)] groups and other eight rats of same week age served as control group.After consecutive intragastric administration for eight weeks,morphology of the rats' cerebral tissue was observed;their levels of ICAM-1,IL-6 and TNF-α in cerebral tissue were determined by ELISA;their expressions of MCP-1 and CCR2 protein in brain tissue of rats were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot and the detection of mRNA expressions of MCP-1 and CCR2 in cerebral tissue of rats were carried out by RT-PCR.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the blood pressure of mangiferin in each dosage group decreased slightly,but there was no significant statistical difference.In the control group and the model group,there was no obvious morphological change in the cerebral tissue.The morphology of rats in the benazepril group,each dose of mangiferin group were all normal.The contents of IL-6,TNF-α,ICAM-1 and MCP1,CCR2 protein and mRNA expression were significantly decreased in the cerebral tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats.CONCLUSION Mangiferin has obvious anti-inflammatory effects on inflammatory reaction in spontaneously hypertensive rats,its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the expression of MCP/CCR2 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the prevalence,characteristics and risk factors of fatigue in a large cohort of subjects with early Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods A total of 391 individuals with PD,recruited in Linzhi trial,were re-screened.Early,non-depressed subjects [Center for epidcmiological survey depression scale (CES-D)＜16]underwent further fatigue assessment.Subjects who scored＞4 on fatigue severity scale (FSS) were classified as fatigue.Motor symptoms and PD severity were assessed using the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn-Yahr scale.Other clinical measures,including sleep disorder by Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQ-Ⅰ),mental function by Alzheimer's Disease assessment scale-cognitive sections (ADAS-Cog) and quality of life by medical outcomes study short form 36 (SF- 36) were also evaluated.Results Among 204 subjects who completed fatigue measures,82 (40.2％) were classified as fatigue.The fatigue group had significantly more neurological impairment by higher scores on each subsets of UPDRS including mentation (P＜0.05),activities of daily living (P＜0.01) and motor (P＜0.01),while the subjects with fatigue had worse scores on SF-36 (P＜0.01).Multiple regression analyses showed that motor subset of UPDRS was the variable that had the predictive value for FSS score.The full model explained 6.4％ of the variance of the FSSscore (β=0.039,95％CI:0.019-0.059).However,other factors,including levodopa dosage,PSQ-Ⅰ,and ADAS-Cog score did not significantly contribute to the model.Conclusions Fatigue is a frequent symptom in carly,non-depressed patients with PD,affecting over 40％ of the patients in this cohort.The small correlation between fatigue and motor score,and the lack of association with dosage of dopaminergic treatment suggest that dopaminergic pathways might be only moderately involved in pathogenesis of fatigue.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of health related quality of life(HR-QOL) in Chinese patients with early Parkinson' s disease(PD), to identify the motor and non-motor factors that are associated with a poorer quality of life in patients with early PD. Methods All 391 patients with early PD were identified in a clinical-based study. Motor functions were measured by Unified Parkinson' s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn-Yabr Scale. Non-motor variables were assessed by Center of Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale (CES-D) for depressive symptoms, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep disturbance, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) for fatigue, Alzheimer' s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Sections (ADAS-Cng) for cognitive function, and Constipation Severity Scale for constipation. HR-QOL was measured by SF-36. Motor and non-motor variables were collected at the baseline assessment of a clinical trial and determined during a structured interview and by clinical examination by movement disorder specialists. The results were compared with those in healthy elderly people. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine which variables were strongly associated with lower levels of quality of life. Results Patients with early PD had a lower score on all dimensions of SF-36, except bodily pain dimension. Motor factors, particular physical disability and disease severity, contributed to decreased HR-QOL, but to a lesser extent. The motor score of the UPDRS (23. 8±11.8), Hoehn-Yahr stage(2. 0± 0.7), together with the rigidity score (4.4 ± 3.1), only accounted for 18.9 % (R2=0. 189) of the variance of SF-36 total score. The variables that most strongly predicted a low total SF-36 score were non-motor factors, particularly depressive symptoms, sleep disorders and fatigue. When the CES-D, FSS, and PSQI score were included in the model, the R2 increased from 0. 189 to 0.617, indicating that 61.7% of the variance in HR-QOL could be explained if additional CES-D, FSS and PSQI scores were known. Depressive symptoms, as measured by CES-D, had an overwhelming impact on HR-QOL. When CES-D score was included, the R2 change was 0.433, which indicated that additional 43.3% of the variability in HR-QOL could be explained by adding depressive symptoms. Conclusions PD has a substantial impact on HR-QOL, even if in its early stage. Depressive symptoms, sleep disorders and fatigue correlated strongly with lower quality of life. Depressive symptoms appeared to be the strongest determinant of HR-QOL in early PD patients. Every effort should be made to recognize and treat these conditions, thus improving all aspects of PD and giving these patients as good a quality of life as possible.

Objective To investigate serum uric acid (UA) levels and related clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Methods The serum uric acid levels were measured in 65 patients with NMO, compared to control groups which were 76 cases with multiple sclerosis ( MS), 126 cases with cerebral vascular diseases (CVD) and 130 healthy controls(HC). The disability severity in NMO was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) was performed to strengthen assessment the involved lesions. Serum AQP4 antibody was tested in a cell based immunofluorescence assay. Results In male groups, serum UA levels in NMO patients [ (298.90±74.14) μmol/L] were significantly lower than that in CVD [ (355.37 ±50. 30) μmol/L] and HC subjects [ (340.33 ± 58.23 ) μmol/L, P ＜ 0.05 ]. No difference was found between NMO and MS [ ( 292.36 ±92.95) μmol/L] groups. In female groups, serum UA levels in NMO patients [(198.21 ± 62.62)μmol/L] were significantly lower than that in CVD [(274.51 ± 70.66) μmol/L] and HC subjects [(243.26 ±60.65) μmol/L,P ＜0.05]. No difference was found between NMO and MS [(232.29 ±71.95 ) μmol/L ] groups. UA levels were significantly lower in females [ ( 198.21 ± 62. 62) μ mol/L] than in males [ (298.90 ±74.14) μmol/L]. UA levels were significantly lower in patients with EDSS≥5 [ ( 195.48 ± 83.70 )μmol/L] than EDSS ＜ 5 [ (241.00 ± 63.20)μmol/L] NMO patients. In our study UA levels were not correlated with longitude of spinal lesions, activity revealed by MRI and AQP4 antibody tires.Conclusion Lower serum UA levels were found in patients with NMO and related to more severe symptoms.

Objective To investigate serum uric acid (UA) levels and related clinical features in patients with high risk syndrome of neuromyelitis optica. Methods UA levels were measured in 51 patients with high risk syndrome of neuromyelitis optica including 34 with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and 17 with optic neuritis (ON), 48 with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), 45 with other neurological diseases (OND) and 65 with healthy controls (HC). The disability severity was assessed by the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Spinal lesions were viewed by MRI. Serum aquaporin-4(AQP4) antibody was tested in cell based immunofluorescence assay. Results Serum UA levels in LETM ( ( 189. 84 ±85. 65) μmol/L) and ON patients ( (222. 12 ±61.68) μmol/L) were significantly lower than that in OND ((315.90±71.36) μ mol/L) and HC ((291.05 ±76.64) μ mol/L) subjects (P＜0.01). No difference was found between LETM, ON and NMO groups. UA levels were significantly lower in females ( ( 158.24 ±55.92), (187.00±47.52), (198.21 ±62.62), (274.51 ±70.66)and (243.26±60.65) μmol/L)than in males ( ( 262. 09 ± 101.63 ), ( 262. 45 ± 62. 13 ), ( 298.90 ± 74. 14 ), ( 355.37 ± 50. 30 ) and (340. 34 ±58. 23) μmol/L) in all groups (t=3. 183, 2.578, 4.356, 4.365 and 6.579, all P＜0.05).UA levels in patients with high risk syndrome of NMO were not correlated with mono or relapse course,duration or status of serum AQP4 antibody. UA were negatively correlated with EDSS in patients with LETM (r= -0.714, P＜0.01). Conclusion Lower serum UA levels were found in patients with high risk syndrome of NMO and related to more severe symptoms in LETM group.

Objective To determine the clinical value of hypergammaglobulinemia as a sentinel for autoimmune pancreatitis and avoid unnecessary pancreas resection.Methods All 14 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis or related pancreatic diseases underwent routine examinations,including liver function,CA199 and imaging.Measurement of serum IgG or IgG4 was performed for patients with clinically suspected or pathologically proved autoimmune pancreatitis.Clinical features were retrospectively compared between the AIP and non-AIP patients using x2 statistics with Yates correction or Fisher exact test.Results Ten cases were finally confirmed as autoimmune pancreatitis.All patients with autoimmune pancreatitis had elevated levels of serum γ-globulins,while only one case without autoimmune pancreatitis had elevated levels of serum γ-globulins.It was proved by subsequent antibody tests that serum IgG/IgG4 and γ-globulins were simultaneously increased.Conclusions Hypergammaglobulinemia can be used as a preoperative sentinel indicator for differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic malignancies and avoiding unnecessary pancreas operation.

Objective The development of cancer vaccines deserves experimentation,specifically the immunogenicity of the new MUC1 DNA vaccine for pancreatic cancer.Methods Three strategies were combined to optimize the new MUC1 DNA vaccine.The female C57BL/6 mice were immunized,through tibial muscle injection,with 100 μg of plasmid DNA of the recombinant plasmids (pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR group,pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR-C1-144 group,pIRES2-EGFP 3VNTR-mIL-18 group,pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR-C1-144-mIL-18 group,n=5) for a total volume of 100 μl.Mice inoculated with the empty vector pIRES2-EGFP (EV group,n=5) and normal saline (NS group,n=5) were used as vector and blank controls,respectively.All the mice were immunized again every two weeks.Two weeks after the third immunization,all the mice were euthanized and spleen cells were separated for CTL cytotoxic assay.Results The specific cytolysis percentages of the four groups (pIRES2-EG-FP-3VNTR,pIRES2-EGFP-3 VNTR-C1-144,pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR-mIL-18,pIRES2-EGFP 3VNTR-C1-144-mIL-18) expressing VNTR were higher than the EV and NS group with the effector/target cells ratio (E/T) from 80:1 to 20:1 (P＜0.05).Therefore,it showed a difference among the four groups.After the primary immunization,the OD450 of the serum antibody level specific to MUC1 began to increase in the four groups which contained the gene of VNTR3 (P＜0.05).This suggests that the recombinant plasmids could induce a specific antibody response to MUC1,and showed no remarkable difference among the four groups.IFN-γ serum cytokine among the four groups were higher than that of the EV and NS groups (P＜0.05).There was a significant difference of OD450 between the groups containing mIL-18 pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR-mIL-18,pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR-C1-144-mIL-18) and those not (pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR,pIRES2-EGFP-3VNTR-C1-144,)(P＜0.05).Conclusions In conclusion,all of the four recombinant plasmids could induce MUC1 specific CTL and antibodies responses,and C1-144 and IL-18 could enhance the immunogenicity of plasmids.

Objective To evaluate the clinical superiority of transumbilical mini pure single-port laparoscopic Palomo's surgery on the treatment of primary teenage varicocele.Methods All operations were successfully completed using mini pure single-port laparoscopic Palomo's surgery.Its clinical effects were evaluated by the operative time,blood loss volume,intra-or post-operative complications,and hospital stay.Six to eighteen months after surgery,follow-up was made in 78 patients.Results All the operations were successful.The operation time was 5-15 (mean 8) minutes,the intra-operative loss blood was 1-5 (mean 1.5) mL,and the post-operative hospital stay was 2-4 (mean 3) days.No intra-operative or post-operative complications happened.Sperm analysis of 95％ patients came back to normal in 6-18 months.Conclusions The transumbilical mini pure single-port laparoscopic Palomo's technique has more obvious superiority and it is worthy of clinical application and generalized widely.