It recently becomes highlight to control schistosomiasis by use of DNA vaccine,this review outlines the advances in the research of the DNA vaccine of glutathione-S-transferase(GST) of Schistosoma japonicum,S.mansoni and S.haematobium.

Objective:To dynamically observe changes of IgG,its subclass and IgE in sera of mice immunized by recombinant BCG-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus(Eg).Methods:BALB/C mice were intranasally or orally vaccinated and killed on 0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16 and 18w of immunization,with 4 in each killing.Sera were gathered from the eyeball to measure IgG, its subclass and IgE by routine ELISA,with PBS as control.Results:In the intranasal group,levels of IgG、IgG2a and IgG2b increased obviously on 2~18w,and reached the highest level on 10、4 and 6w respectively;while levels of IgG1、IgG3 and IgE decreased remarkably on 2~18w,and came to the lowest level on 8、12 and 10~12w respectively.In the oral group,levels of IgG、IgG2a and IgG2b rose remakably on 2~18w,and came to the peak value on 14、8 and 8w respectively;while levels of IgG1、IgG3 and IgE decreased on 2~18w,and reached the lowest level on 8、6 and 16~18w respectively.Conclusion:TH1 response could be induced in mice immunized by recombinant BCG-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus in early immunization.

Objective:To dynamically observe changes of subsets of splenocytes in mice by immunization with mixed recombinant BCG-EmⅡ/3 and BCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine of Echinococcus multilocularis(Em).Methods:BALB/C mice were intranasally vacci- nated with the vaccine and killed to get spleen at 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16 and 18w of immunization respectively.Splenocytes were.separated to measure subsets of CD_4~+ and CD_8~+T cells by FACsort,PBS served as control.Results:In the groups of im- munization,CD_4~+ and CD_8~+subsets increased obviously at 2～12w and 2-18w respectively,which reached the highest level at 6 and 10w respectively.Conclusion:The number of CD_4~+ subsets of splenocytes increases remarkably in the early stage (2～6week)by immunization with mixed recombinant BCG-EmⅡ/3 and BCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine.

Objective:To investigate the changes of splenocyte cytokines in mice induced by recombinant BCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine of Echinococcus multilocularis(Em) and challenge with Em protoscoleces.Methods:BALB/c mice were subcutaneously and intranasally vaccinated respectively,then challenged with Em protoscoleces at 8th week of vaccination and killed at 18th week of infection to get spleen.Splenocytes were separated to culture by stimulation with EmAg or ConA.The supernatants were collected to measure IL-2、IFN-?、TNF-?and IL-4 by ELISA Kits,and blank vector,BCG and PBS served as control.Results:In the groups of immunization,levels of IFN-?and TNF-? increased,but that of IL-4 decreased.The level of TNF-? in the intranasal group was higher than that in the subcutaneous group.Conclusion:TH1 response is induced in mice by rBCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine which is against the challenge of Em protoscoleces.

Objective To study the different induced expressions of FOXP3 by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.Methods After the cultures of CD4+ cells and or CD8 + cells under an anti-TCR stimulation condition with an addition of TGF [β1 or not for 4 days respectively,the induced FOXP3 expressions were detected through the flow cytometric intracellular staining.Meanwhile we also examined the proliferative activity of TGF β1 induced FOXP3 expressing lymphocytes through a CFSE labeling experiment and the effect of TGF-β1 on cell apoptosis by annexin V staining.Results TGF-β1 selectively induced the CD4+ T lymphocytes to express FOXP3 (PBMC:29.66±3.624 vs 7.430±0.643; NIL:31.74±2.612 vs 8.637±1.146); The induced cells also had a proliferative activity (94.39 ± 1.179) and could secrete IFN-γ efficiently after activation (39.58±1.611); TGF-β1 could reduce the apoptosis rate of CD8+T lymphocytes(25.39±2.158 vs 9.320±0.3219).Conclusions Consistent with the discovery that ＞95％ of the FOXP3+lymphocytes in TIL (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) of HCC (human hepatocelluar carcinoma) patients were concentrated in CD4+ T lymphocytes (97.15±0.3807,n=10),TGF-β1 induced the CD4 +T lymphocytes to express FOXP3 in preference to CD8+T lymphocytes; But with different to natural Tregs,the induced cells still could proliferate and secrete IFN-γactively after an effective stimulation;CD8+ T lymphocytes were more easily suffering cell apoptosis after activation than CD4+ T lymphocytes,and TGF-β1 could rescue the more cell apoptosis.

Aim To study the effects on T lymphocyte subsets in spleen of mice immunized with recombinant BCGSj26GST. Methods Inthe first experiment, BALB/c mice were immrnized subcutaneously by 106 and 108 CFU BCG-Sj26GST respectively. ALLthe mice were artifically challenged with cerariae of Schistosoma japonicum on 8weeks after immunization, six after challenge, the mice were killed, and the spleens were removed, cells were prepared seperately and were analysed by immunofluorescence with conjugated monoclonal antibodies in a FACsort cytofiuorimeter at 523 nm, PBS treated mice were serwed as control. In the second experiment, after immunized subcutanenously or inntraveously by 106 CFU vaccine, 4 mice were ranndonly killed to separate spleens on 0wk, 4wk, 8wk, 10wk, 14wk and 16wk after immurization, the percentage of CD+4 and CDs+ subsets was analysed as above. Results In the first experiment, CD+4 subsets increased renarkably, but CD+8 subsetsdid slightly by immunization with the vaccine against challenge with S.j. Cercariae, in the second experiment, the dynamic observation showed that in the subcutaneous and intravenous group, CD+4 subsets increased obviously since 10wk and 8wk respectively, CD8+ subsets hadno obvious changeover 16 weeks of observation , in the subcutaneous groupbuttheCD8+ subsets rose lightly on 4-16wk in the intravenous group. Conclusion On the basis of this study it's suspected that CD+4 subsets might play an important role in the protective immunity induced by the vaccine

Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is one type of zoonotic, parasitic diseases seriously endangering human health. Vaccine recently becomes the highlight in control of this parasite. ROPs antigen is an effective candidate molecule of vaccine. This review outlines the status in the research of ROPs vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii mediated by bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacteria smegmatis, Bacille calmette-Guerin, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pichia Pastoris, and viruses such as Canine adenovirus type 2, Adenovirus serotype 5, Feline herpesvirus type-1 and Vaccinia virus.

As an important in vivo noninvasive molecular imaging modality, PET imaging can quantify and visualize the serial trafficking, tumor targeting, cell number maintenance, cell expansion, activation and immunological function of adoptive immune cells in cancer cell therapy. Thereby it may play a significant role in the treatment options and efficacy evaluation for cellular immunotherapy in cancer. This review focuses on PET reporter gene imaging which has been studied intensively and applied widely in the research on imaging monitoring of cellular immunotherapy for cancer, with the purpose to provide innovative clues for the preclinical study and clinical translation research.

Objective:To investigate apoptosis of spleen cells in infected mice by immunization with recombinant BCG-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus(Eg) and against challenge with Eg protoscoleces.Methods:BALB/c mice were vaccinated with the vaccine subcutaneously,intranasally,orally and intramuscularly respectively.The mice were then challenged with Eg protoscolexes at 8w of vaccination and sacrificed in 18w of infection to get spleen.Spleen cells were separated to measure apoptotic rate by FACsort with BCG and PBS served as control.Results:Apoptotic rate in the immunization group was lower than that in the control.Apoptotic rates in the oral or intramuscular group were significantly lower than that in the subcutaneous or intranasal group.Conclusion:Apoptosis of spleen cells in mice may be induced by infection with hydatid cyst,but is inhibited by immunization with rBCG-Eg95 vaccine.Oral or intramuscular vaccination may be the good regimen.

To observe changes on subsets of splenocytes in mice immunized with the transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) vaccine containing Eg95-EgA31 fusion gene of Echinococcus granulosus dynamically,the leaf protein was extracted from the transgenic alfalfa by heat-coagulation method and prepared for a solution with a concentration of 20 g/ L.The 132 BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups randomly and immunized intranasally or orally with the leaf protein solution once per 3 days for 2 months.At the same time,the group of intranasal immunization with leaf protein from the non-transgenic alfalfa was set as control group.4 mice randomized from each group were killed to get the spleens at Week 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18 and 20 after last immunization,and the splenocytes were separated to measure CD_4~+and CD_8~+T cell subsets by FCM.In the oral group,CD_4~+subset increased significantly from Week 6 to Week 10 after the last immunization and reached the peak at Week 6.While CD+ 8 subset increased obviously from Week 4 to Week 12 and reached the highest level at Week 8.In the intranasal group,the significant increase of the CD_4~+subset was observed from Week 4 to Week 6 and also reached the peak at Week 6.The similar trend of CD_8~+ subset was observed from Week 4 to Week 10 and reached the highest level at Week 8.It was suggested that CD+ 4and CD+ 8subsets played an important role in the protection induced in mice immunized with the transgenic alfalfa vaccine.