Objective To observe the effect of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on abilities of learning and memory and astrocytes in old rats. Methods 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into the sham group and model group with 25 animals in each group. All animals were assessed with Morris water maze to test the changes of abilities of learning and memory. The expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the frontal lobe and hippocampus were observed immunohistochemically. Results Compared with the sham group, the scores of Morris water maze decreased in the model group, while the astrocytes marked by GFAP proliferated and enlarged significantly. Conclusion Proliferation and morphological changes of astrocytes are involved in pathological mechanism of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which might be associated with the decrease of ability of learning and memory.

Objective To investigate the changes of learning and memory function ,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and heme oxygenase‐1(HO‐1) expression in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of chronic ischemic vascular dementia rats . Methods Thirty‐six healthy SD rats were divided into the control group ,sham operation group and model group ,12 cases in each group .The chronic ischemic vascular dementia rat model was established by the permanent bilateral carotid artery occlusion The sham operation group received the same treatment to the model group except without bilateral carotid artery occlusion .The learning and memory abilities were tested by the Morris water maze experiment and climbing rope strength experiment at 1 ,4 ,8 ,12 weeks respectively .The expressions of VEGF and HO‐1 in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus was determined by immunohistochemical SP technique .Results The escape latency time at 8 ,12 weeks in the model group was longer than that in the sham operation group and control group ,and the number of crossing the platform was less than that in the sham operation group and control group ,the differences were statistically significant (P<0 .05);the time of climbing at 1 -12 weeks had no statistical difference between the model group and the sham operation group and between the model group and the control group (P>0 .05) .The positive expression of HO‐1 and VEGF protein contents in the control group and sham operation group was less than that in the model group with sta‐tistical difference(P<0 .05) .Conclusion Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has a permanent damage to the learning and memory abil‐ities in rats ,while has no influence on the motor function .VEGF and HO‐1 may play a protective role in chronic cerebral ischemia .

The growth curves and diet of 185 babies in rural area near Beijing from 6 months to 18 months old have been studied. Infants were divided into 3 groups according to their diet taken:(1) 89 babies had breast milk only;(2) 66 babies took more than 250g animal milk per day besides breast milk;(3) 30 babies who did not have breast milk and only animal milk was taken. All the babies were gradually transferred to an ordinary cereal based diet during the weaning period. To half of them a soybean and cereal based formula fortified with minerals and vitamins was supplied, which would provide 6.6g protein and 141 kcal and some other nutrients per day.The results showed that the growth curves of body weight and height of children were much better than the data obtained in 1975, but still lagged behind that of the urban children, especially for the body weight. The weight curves of the babies who took animal milk seemed higher than the other groups. Female babies who were fed with breast milk and supplemented with the weaning food have a better weight and height curves than non-supplemented ones, but this was not seen in males. The hemoglobin contents of the babies who took animal milk when they were 18 months old were lower than that of the 6 months old, but there were no differences in the breast milk groups, and the lowering of the hemoglobin level in the animal milk groups could be corrected by adding weaning food in the diet. When the babies were 6 months old, 39.3% of them had a hair zinc content below the lower limit of the normal range, and it became to 47.6% when they were 18 months old. So zinc deficiency of the babies were present in this local area, and it should be fortified into the weaning food.

Objective:To investigate the association of polymorphisms at the matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-3-1612 position of the promotor region with the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in elderly patients with cerebral ischemic stroke.Methods:In this retrospective study, 129 elderly patients with cerebral infarction diagnosed and treated in our hospital between March 2019 and March 2021 were enrolled as the study group, and 110 healthy subjects were selected as the control group.Polymorphisms of the MMP-3-1612 position in the promotor region, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress were examined using appropriate parameters and the associations between them were analyzed. Results:Compared with the control group, the proportions of patients with hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history in the study group were significantly higher( χ2=16.05, 17.19, 14.19, all P<0.05), and the levels of fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, and homocysteine were also significantly higher( t=6.22, 3.64, 2.69, all P<0.05).Meanwhile, compared with patients carrying the MMP-3-5A/6A or the MMP-3-6A/6A genotype, the levels of serum inflammatory markers such as high mobility group box-1 protein(HMGB1), fractalkine(FKN), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-17(IL-17)in patients carrying the MMP-3 gene 5A/5A genotype were significantly higher(all P<0.05).In addition, the expression of serum oxidative stress-related molecules Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor2(Nrf2), antioxidant response element(ARE), quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)was also significantly increased(all P<0.05), but there was no difference in these markers between patients carrying the MMP-3-5A/6A genotype and patients carrying the MMP-3-6A/6A genotype( P>0.05).Patients carrying the 5A/5A genotype and the 6A/6A genotype exhibited only one 97 bp band and one 120 bp band, respectively, while the patients carrying the 5A/6A genotype exhibited two 97 bp bands and two 120 bp bands.There was no statistical difference in the number of patients carrying the 5A/6A genotype in the cerebral infarction group compared with the control group( P>0.05), and the number of patients carrying the 5A/5A genotype in the cerebral infarction group was higher than that in the control group(69% or 53.49% vs.35% or 31.82%, χ2=11.34, P<0.05).Polymorphisms of the MMP-3 gene had a positive correlation with the risk of stroke( r=0.25, P<0.05). MMP-3-1612 gene polymorphism( OR=7.21, 95% CI: 1.13-1.83, P=0.01), elevated blood glucose( OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.18-2.06, P<0.001), high homocysteine( OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.08-1.58, P<0.01), hypertension( OR=5.414, 95% CI: 1.140-4.46, P<0.01), elevated low-density lipoprotein( OR=4.03, 95% CI: 1.03-2.35, P=0.02), coronary heart disease( OR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.47-3.19, P<0.01)and diabetes( OR=8.52, 95% CI: 1.32-4.71, P<0.01)were risk factors for cerebral infarction. Conclusions:In elderly patients with cerebral infarction, polymorphisms of the MMP-3-1612 position in the promotor region is closely related to the risk of cerebral ischemic stroke, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress.MMP-3 gene polymorphisms are risk factors for stroke.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis, treat-ment and prognosis of gallbladder cancer in China from 2010 to 2017.Methods:The single disease retrospective registration cohort study was conducted. Based on the concept of the real world study, the clinicopathological data, from multicenter retrospective clinical data database of gallbladder cancer of Chinese Research Group of Gallbladder Cancer (CRGGC), of 6 159 patients with gallbladder cancer who were admitted to 42 hospitals from January 2010 to December 2017 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) case resources; (2) age and sex distribution; (3) diagnosis; (4) surgical treatment and prognosis; (5) multimodality therapy and prognosis. The follow-up data of the 42 hospitals were collected and analyzed by the CRGGC. The main outcome indicator was the overall survival time from date of operation for surgical patients or date of diagnosis for non-surgical patients to the end of outcome event or the last follow-up. Measurement data with normal distribu-tion were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3) or M(range), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Univariate analysis was performed using the Logistic forced regression model, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis were included for multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic stepwise regression model. The life table method was used to calculate survival rates and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves. Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Case resources: of the 42 hospitals, there were 35 class A of tertiary hospitals and 7 class B of tertiary hospitals, 16 hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer and 26 hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer, respectively. Geographical distribution of the 42 hospitals: there were 9 hospitals in central China, 5 hospitals in northeast China, 22 hospitals in eastern China and 6 hospitals in western China. Geographical distribution of the 6 159 patients: there were 2 154 cases(34.973%) from central China, 705 cases(11.447%) from northeast China, 1 969 cases(31.969%) from eastern China and 1 331 cases(21.611%) from western China. The total average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of the 6 159 patients was 18.3±4.5 per year, in which the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 4 974 patients(80.760%) from hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer was 38.8±8.9 per year and the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 1 185 patients(19.240%) from hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer was 5.7±1.9 per year. (2) Age and sex distribution: the age of 6 159 patients diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(56,71) years, in which the age of 2 247 male patients(36.483%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(58,71)years and the age of 3 912 female patients(63.517%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 63(55,71)years. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.74:1. Of 6 159 patients, 3 886 cases(63.095%) were diagnosed as gallbladder cancer at 56 to 75 years old. There was a significant difference on age at diagnosis between male and female patients ( Z=-3.99, P<0.001). (3) Diagnosis: of 6 159 patients, 2 503 cases(40.640%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 3 656 cases(59.360%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 2 110 patients(34.259%) not undergoing surgical treatment, of which 200 cases(9.479%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 910 cases(90.521%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 4 049 patients(65.741%) undergoing surgical treatment, of which 2 303 cases(56.878%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 746 cases(43.122%) were initial diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. Of the 1 746 patients who were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer, there were 774 cases(19.116%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer during operation and 972 cases(24.006%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer after operation. Of 6 159 patients, there were 2 521 cases(40.932%), 2 335 cases(37.912%) and 1 114 cases(18.087%) undergoing ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before initial diagnosis, respec-tively, and there were 3 259 cases(52.914%), 3 172 cases(51.502%) and 4 016 cases(65.205%) undergoing serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis, respectively. One patient may underwent multiple examinations. Results of univariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals, whether undergoing ultrasound, CT, MRI, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis were related factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.45, 1.98, 0.69, 0.68, 2.43, 0.41, 1.63, 0.41, 0.39, 0.42, 95% confidence interval as 1.21-1.74, 1.64-2.40, 0.59-0.80, 0.60-0.78, 2.19-2.70, 0.37-0.45, 1.43-1.86, 0.37-0.45, 0.35-0.43, 0.38-0.47, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), sex, age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals and cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initially diagnosis were indepen-dent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.36, 1.42, 0.89, 0.67, 1.85, 1.56, 1.57, 0.39, 95% confidence interval as 1.13-1.64, 1.16-1.73, 0.79-0.99, 0.57-0.78, 1.60-2.14, 1.38-1.77, 1.38-1.79, 0.35-0.43, P<0.05). (4) Surgical treatment and prognosis. Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 447 cases(60.435%) with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. Cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb were 85(3.474%), 201(8.214%), 71(2.902%), 890(36.371%), 382(15.611%), 33(1.348%) and 785(32.080%), respectively. The median follow-up time and median postoperative overall survival time of the 2 447 cases were 55.75 months (95% confidence interval as 52.78-58.35) and 23.46 months (95% confidence interval as 21.23-25.71), respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb ( χ2=512.47, P<0.001). Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 988 cases(73.796%) with resectable tumor, 177 cases(4.371%) with unresectable tumor and 884 cases(21.833%) with tumor unassessable for resectabi-lity. Of the 2 988 cases with resectable tumor, there were 2 036 cases(68.139%) undergoing radical resection, 504 cases(16.867%) undergoing non-radical resection and 448 cases(14.994%) with operation unassessable for curative effect. Of the 2 447 cases with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data who underwent surgical treatment, there were 53 cases(2.166%) with unresectable tumor, 300 cases(12.260%) with resectable tumor and receiving non-radical resection, 1 441 cases(58.888%) with resectable tumor and receiving radical resection, 653 cases(26.686%) with resectable tumor and receiving operation unassessable for curative effect. There were 733 cases not undergoing surgical treatment with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases not undergoing surgical treatment, cases undergoing surgical treatment for unresectable tumor, cases undergoing non-radical resection for resectable tumor and cases undergoing radical resection for resectable tumor ( χ2=121.04, P<0.001). (5) Multimodality therapy and prognosis: of 6 159 patients, there were 541 cases(8.784%) under-going postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and advanced chemotherapy, 76 cases(1.234%) under-going radiotherapy. There were 1 170 advanced gallbladder cancer (pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲa) patients undergoing radical resection, including 126 cases(10.769%) with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and 1 044 cases(89.231%) without postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.23, P=0.629). There were 658 patients with pathological staging as stage Ⅲa who underwent radical resection, including 66 cases(10.030%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 592 cases(89.970%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.05, P=0.817). There were 512 patients with pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲb who underwent radical resection, including 60 cases(11.719%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 452 cases(88.281%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy and cases without post-operative adjuvant chemo-therapy ( χ2=1.50, P=0.220). Conclusions:There are more women than men with gallbladder cancer in China and more than half of patients are diagnosed at the age of 56 to 75 years. Cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initial diagnosis are independent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients. Preoperative resectability evaluation can improve the therapy strategy and patient prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer is not standardized and in low proportion in China.